A series of patients hospitalized with acute respiratory disease was reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019. Many patients have had direct or indirect links with the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, Wuhan. Millions of people worldwide have been impacted by the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in numerous nations.

The pandemic has once again drawn public attention to the coronaviruses that developed epidemics in China (2002) and Saudi Arabia (2012). Given the structural and phylogenetic similarity of the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), the results of recent studies have been combined with new findings to complete one of the strangest pneumonia puzzles in human history. Coronaviruses establish extremely complex interactions with the immune system, especially in order to evade immune responses. Undoubtedly, increasing our knowledge of the immunopathogenesis of diseases caused by these viruses will eventually lead to more effective treatment and diagnosis. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are among the leading immune response regulators. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in the expression and regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses and in many immune disorders from autoimmunity to cancer and allergies. Our understanding of the functions of human and viral miRNAs in the pathogenesis of many viruses has increased in recent years. Accordingly, the present review article aims to review studies evaluating the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of other Betacoronaviruses. The results of these studies, given the similarity of viruses within the family Coronaviridae, could be helpful for future research on SARS‑CoV2.

Background: The purpose of this study was genetic evaluation of patients suspected of immunodeficiency,
without a definitive diagnosis, referred to the Immunodeficiency Clinic of Akbar Hospital in Mashhad in
2021-2022.

Methods: In this study, patients suspected of immunodeficiency, without a definitive diagnosis, referred to
an immunodeficiency clinic were included A complete clinical and paraclinical examination has been done
by expert specialists and clinical geneticists. Blood samples were taken for genetic analysis using the Exome
Sequencing technique followed by comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. Parents and healthy offspring
were assessed for the candidate gene variants.

Results: In this study, 185 patients were included; 58.56% of them were male; The average age of the
participants was 9.28±5.40 years, and consanguineous marriage of parents was observed in 79.8 % of
cases. Pneumonia with 33.51% was the most common clinical manifestation in patients with suspected
immunodeficiency. In total, 41.14% of patients suffered from combined immunodeficiency, 26 .86% of them
had defects of phagocyte number, function, or both; and 24% had predominantly antibody deficiencies.
Hyper IgE syndrome was detected in 16% of patients, SCID and CGD each in 14.86% of patients, CVID
in 12% of patients, and LAD in 7.43% of them. In 37.04% of the identified genes, there was a discrepancy
between clinical and genetic diagnosis in patients.

Conclusion: The most common clinical manifestation of patients suspected of primary immunodeficiency
is pneumonia; therefore, patients who suffer from recurrent respiratory infections should be checked for
genetic immunodeficiency. In this study, most patients were in the groups of immunodeficiencies affecting
multiple cell types, defects of phagocyte number, function, or both; and predominantly antibody deficiencies,
respectively. The most common diseases diagnosed were: Hyper IgE syndrome, SCID and CGD, CVID, and
LAD.

Objective: Pre-eclampsia (preE) is pregnancy-induced hypertension affecting a significant proportion of
pregnant women worldwide and can cause detrimental effects on the mother and newborn. Recognition of
contributing factors of health in neonates with pre-eclamptic mothers is important to reduce the burden of
the problem. The aim of the study was to determine the hematologic and coagulation factors in term and
preterm neonates born to mothers with pre-eclampsia.

Method and Materials: In this observational cross-sectional comparative study, 104 neonates born to
mothers with pre-eclampsia in Imam-Hossein Hospital from 2018 to 2021 were enrolled. The neonates
were divided into term and preterm groups according to the gestational age of the mothers. Maternal and
fetal parameters of neonates were collected. The hematologic and coagulation factors were recorded and
compared.

Results: The finding of the study demonstrated that the mean leukocyte ( P=0.030), hemoglobin ( P=0.0001),
and platelet ( P=0.0001) were significantly higher in term neonates. The mean PT ( P=0.003), PPT ( P=0.001),
and INR ( P=0.003) were significantly higher in preterm cases.

Conclusion: Totally, according to the obtained results it may be concluded that CBC indexes and
coagulopathy in term and preterm neonates born to mothers with pre-eclampsia are significantly different.

Background: Genetic susceptibility and environmental factors play crucial roles in the development
of childhood asthma. It seems that asthma pathology initiates in utero. The purpose of this study was to
examine the relationship between various perinatal exposures and events, and the later development of
childhood asthma.

Method: A total of ninety children, 45 with childhood asthma and with 45 healthy controls, referred to the
Allergy Clinic of Azad University Hospitals between January 2020 and January 2021 were enrolled in the
study. All caregivers or parents of these children were interviewed to collect sufficient data concerning the
patients’ asthma history.

Results: Gestational age, gender, low birth weight, delivery mode, maternal pre-eclampsia, maternal smoking
during pregnancy, smoking exposure during the neonatal period, antibiotic prescription in the neonatal
period, acetaminophen use in the neonatal period, assisted ventilation and oxygen therapy, neonatal icterus,
neonatal respiratory infection, chronic pulmonary disease of prematurity, meconium aspiration, birth order as
the first-born child and parental history of allergy were assessed. Among these, the use of antibiotics, oxygen
therapy, respiratory infections during the neonatal period, meconium aspiration during labor, and history of
allergy in first-grade relatives were the most predictable separate factors, demonstrating the key role of the
perinatal period in the development of childhood asthma.

Conclusion: To conclude, although previous studies mostly suggested the causal effects of modifiable
behaviors or exposures on the development of childhood asthma, the risk factors in the present study
were mostly genetic influences, postnatal infections or obstetrics events or their management, which were
inevitable in the process of labor.

The present study describes a three-year-old girl who was referred to us due to stridor and snoring from
one week of age and progressive worsening of sleep apnea two months before our visit. Gastroesophageal
reflux disease was ruled out due to being unresponsiveness to treatment. Laryngomalacia was also ruled out
because the symptoms and signs were aggravated by passing the time. The presence of a vascular ring was
also overruled by echocardiography. Direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy were performed to investigate
the vocal cord paralysis, glottic stenosis, airway foreign body, adenotonsillar hypertrophy, nasopharyngeal
mass, and tracheal stenosis as the etiology. A tonsillar mass was found by them which was confirmed by
CT scan. The surgical excision of the mass resulted in the complete resolution of the signs and symptoms.
The pathologic studies of the resected mass found it to be follicular lymphoid hyperplasia (FLH), the most
common benign lymphoid reaction of the nasopharynx area.