miRNAs: Key Molecules in the Immunopathogenesis of Betacoronaviruses
Abstract
A series of patients hospitalized with acute respiratory disease was reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019. Many patients have had direct or indirect links with the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, Wuhan. Millions of people worldwide have been impacted by the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in numerous nations.
The pandemic has once again drawn public attention to the coronaviruses that developed epidemics in China (2002) and Saudi Arabia (2012). Given the structural and phylogenetic similarity of the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), the results of recent studies have been combined with new findings to complete one of the strangest pneumonia puzzles in human history. Coronaviruses establish extremely complex interactions with the immune system, especially in order to evade immune responses. Undoubtedly, increasing our knowledge of the immunopathogenesis of diseases caused by these viruses will eventually lead to more effective treatment and diagnosis. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are among the leading immune response regulators. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in the expression and regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses and in many immune disorders from autoimmunity to cancer and allergies. Our understanding of the functions of human and viral miRNAs in the pathogenesis of many viruses has increased in recent years. Accordingly, the present review article aims to review studies evaluating the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of other Betacoronaviruses. The results of these studies, given the similarity of viruses within the family Coronaviridae, could be helpful for future research on SARS‑CoV2.
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14. Letko M, Marzi A, Munster V. Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nature microbiology. 2020:1-8.
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17. Li X, Geng M, Peng Y, Meng L, Lu S. Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2020.
18. Alosaimi B, Hamed ME, Naeem A, Alsharef AA, AlQahtani SY, AlDosari KM, et al. MERS-CoV infection is associated with downregulation of genes encoding Th1 and Th2 cytokines/chemokines and elevated inflammatory innate immune response in the lower respiratory tract. Cytokine. 2020;126:154895.
19. Shokri S, Mahmoudvand S, Taherkhani R, Farshadpour F. Modulation of the immune response by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Journal of cellular physiology. 2019;234(3):2143-51.
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21. Zhao C, Zhao W. NLRP3 Inflammasome—A Key Player in Antiviral Responses. Frontiers in Immunology. 2020;11:211.
22. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. The Lancet. 2020.
23. Shi Y, Wang Y, Shao C, Huang J, Gan J, Huang X, et al. COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses. Nature Publishing Group; 2020.
24. Diao B, Wang C, Tan Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Ning L, et al. Reduction and functional exhaustion of T cells in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Medrxiv. 2020.
25. Tang F, Quan Y, Xin Z-T, Wrammert J, Ma M-J, Lv H, et al. Lack of peripheral memory B cell responses in recovered patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a six-year follow-up study. The Journal of Immunology. 2011;186(12):7264-8.
26. Jasiulionis MG. Abnormal epigenetic regulation of immune system during aging. Frontiers in Immunology. 2018;9:197.
27. Wang M, Jiang S, Wu W, Yu F, Chang W, Li P, et al. Non-coding RNAs function as immune regulators in teleost fish. Frontiers in immunology. 2018;9:2801.
28. Hur K, Kim S-H, Kim J-M. Potential implications of long noncoding RNAs in autoimmune diseases. Immune network. 2019;19(1).
29. Pu Q, Lin P, Wang Z, Gao P, Qin S, Cui L, et al. Interaction among inflammasome, autophagy and non-coding RNAs: new horizons for drug. Precision clinical medicine. 2019;2(3):166-82.
30. Xu Z, Li P, Fan L, Wu M. The potential role of circRNA in tumor immunity regulation and immunotherapy. Frontiers in immunology. 2018;9:9.
31. Cajal RY, Segura MF, Hümmer S. Interplay between ncRNAs and cellular communication: a proposal for understanding cell-specific signaling pathways. Frontiers in genetics. 2019;10:281.
32. Felekkis K, Touvana E, Stefanou C, Deltas C. microRNAs: a newly described class of encoded molecules that play a role in health and disease. Hippokratia. 2010;14(4):236.
33. Luan X, Zhou X, Naqvi A, Francis M, Foyle D, Nares S, et al. MicroRNAs and immunity in periodontal health and disease. International Journal of Oral Science. 2018;10(3):1-14.
34. Forster SC, Tate MD, Hertzog PJ. MicroRNA as type I interferon-regulated transcripts and modulators of the innate immune response. Frontiers in immunology. 2015;6:334.
35. Essandoh K, Li Y, Huo J, Fan G-C. MiRNA-mediated macrophage polarization and its potential role in the regulation of inflammatory response. Shock (Augusta, Ga). 2016;46(2):122.
36. Ren L, Zhang Y, Li J, Xiao Y, Zhang J, Wang Y, et al. Genetic drift of human coronavirus OC43 spike gene during adaptive evolution. Scientific reports. 2015;5:11451.
37. Lai FW, Stephenson KB, Mahony J, Lichty BD. Human coronavirus OC43 nucleocapsid protein binds microRNA 9 and potentiates NF-κB activation. Journal of virology. 2014;88(1):54-65.
38. Van Woensel J, Van Aalderen W, De Weerd W, Jansen N, Van Gestel J, Markhorst D, et al. Dexamethasone for treatment of patients mechanically ventilated for lower respiratory tract infection caused by respiratory syncytial virus. Thorax. 2003;58(5):383-7.
39. Mallick B, Ghosh Z, Chakrabarti J. MicroRNome analysis unravels the molecular basis of SARS infection in bronchoalveolar stem cells. PLoS One. 2009;4(11):e7837.
40. Morales L, Oliveros JC, Fernandez-Delgado R, Robert tenOever B, Enjuanes L, Sola I. SARS-CoV-encoded small RNAs contribute to infection-associated lung pathology. Cell host & microbe. 2017;21(3):344-55.
41. Fan P, Guan J, He W, Lv X, Hu S, Lan Y, et al. miR-142a-3p promotes the proliferation of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus by targeting Rab3a. Arch Virol. 2020;165(2):345-54.
42. Hu S, Li Z, Lan Y, Guan J, Zhao K, Chu D, et al. MiR-10a-5p-Mediated Syndecan 1 Suppression Restricts Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus Replication. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:105.
43. Lv X, Zhao K, Lan Y, Li Z, Ding N, Su J, et al. miR-21a-5p Contributes to Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus Proliferation via Targeting CASK-Interactive Protein1 In vivo and vitro. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:304.
44. Zheng H, Xu L, Liu Y, Li C, Zhang L, Wang T, et al. MicroRNA-221-5p inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication by targeting genomic viral RNA and activating the NF-κB pathway. International journal of molecular sciences. 2018;19(11):3381.
45. Mallick B, Ghosh Z, Chakrabarti J. MicroRNome analysis unravels the molecular basis of SARS infection in bronchoalveolar stem cells. PloS one. 2009;4(11).
46. Hasan MM, Akter R, Ullah M, Abedin M, Ullah G, Hossain M. A computational approach for predicting role of human microRNAs in MERS-CoV genome. Advances in bioinformatics. 2014;2014.
47. Zheng H, Xu L, Liu Y, Li C, Zhang L, Wang T, et al. MicroRNA-221-5p Inhibits Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Replication by Targeting Genomic Viral RNA and Activating the NF-kappaB Pathway. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(11).
2. Zhou P, Fan H, Lan T, Yang X-L, Shi W-F, Zhang W, et al. Fatal swine acute diarrhea syndrome caused by an HKU2-related coronavirus of bat origin. Nature. 2018;556(7700):255-8.
3. Zeng Z-Q, Chen D-H, Tan W-P, Qiu S-Y, Xu D, Liang H-X, et al. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of human coronaviruses OC43, 229E, NL63, and HKU1: a study of hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection in Guangzhou, China. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2018;37(2):363-9.
4. Al-Hazmi A. Challenges presented by MERS coronavirus, and SARS corona virus to global health. Saudi journal of biological sciences. 2016;23(4):507-11.
5. Jiang F, Deng L, Zhang L, Cai Y, Cheung CW, Xia Z. Review of the clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2020:1-5.
6. Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen Y-M, Wang W, Song Z-G, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature. 2020;579(7798):265-9.
7. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020.
8. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
9. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13.
10. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Jama. 2020.
11. Chan JF-W, Kok K-H, Zhu Z, Chu H, To KK-W, Yuan S, et al. Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2020;9(1):221-36.
12. Chen Y, Liu Q, Guo D. Emerging coronaviruses: genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. Journal of medical virology. 2020.
13. Yan R, Zhang Y, Li Y, Xia L, Guo Y, Zhou Q. Structural basis for the recognition of the SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2. Science. 2020.
14. Letko M, Marzi A, Munster V. Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nature microbiology. 2020:1-8.
15. Coutard B, Valle C, de Lamballerie X, Canard B, Seidah N, Decroly E. The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade. Antiviral Research. 2020;176:104742.
16. WO ZG. Sequence Analysis Indicates that 2019-nCoV Virus Contains a Putative Furin Cleavage Site at the Boundary of S1 and S2 Domains of Spike Protein. 2020.
17. Li X, Geng M, Peng Y, Meng L, Lu S. Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2020.
18. Alosaimi B, Hamed ME, Naeem A, Alsharef AA, AlQahtani SY, AlDosari KM, et al. MERS-CoV infection is associated with downregulation of genes encoding Th1 and Th2 cytokines/chemokines and elevated inflammatory innate immune response in the lower respiratory tract. Cytokine. 2020;126:154895.
19. Shokri S, Mahmoudvand S, Taherkhani R, Farshadpour F. Modulation of the immune response by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Journal of cellular physiology. 2019;234(3):2143-51.
20. Kindler E, Thiel V, Weber F. Interaction of SARS and MERS coronaviruses with the antiviral interferon response. Advances in virus research. 96: Elsevier; 2016. p. 219-43.
21. Zhao C, Zhao W. NLRP3 Inflammasome—A Key Player in Antiviral Responses. Frontiers in Immunology. 2020;11:211.
22. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. The Lancet. 2020.
23. Shi Y, Wang Y, Shao C, Huang J, Gan J, Huang X, et al. COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses. Nature Publishing Group; 2020.
24. Diao B, Wang C, Tan Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Ning L, et al. Reduction and functional exhaustion of T cells in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Medrxiv. 2020.
25. Tang F, Quan Y, Xin Z-T, Wrammert J, Ma M-J, Lv H, et al. Lack of peripheral memory B cell responses in recovered patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a six-year follow-up study. The Journal of Immunology. 2011;186(12):7264-8.
26. Jasiulionis MG. Abnormal epigenetic regulation of immune system during aging. Frontiers in Immunology. 2018;9:197.
27. Wang M, Jiang S, Wu W, Yu F, Chang W, Li P, et al. Non-coding RNAs function as immune regulators in teleost fish. Frontiers in immunology. 2018;9:2801.
28. Hur K, Kim S-H, Kim J-M. Potential implications of long noncoding RNAs in autoimmune diseases. Immune network. 2019;19(1).
29. Pu Q, Lin P, Wang Z, Gao P, Qin S, Cui L, et al. Interaction among inflammasome, autophagy and non-coding RNAs: new horizons for drug. Precision clinical medicine. 2019;2(3):166-82.
30. Xu Z, Li P, Fan L, Wu M. The potential role of circRNA in tumor immunity regulation and immunotherapy. Frontiers in immunology. 2018;9:9.
31. Cajal RY, Segura MF, Hümmer S. Interplay between ncRNAs and cellular communication: a proposal for understanding cell-specific signaling pathways. Frontiers in genetics. 2019;10:281.
32. Felekkis K, Touvana E, Stefanou C, Deltas C. microRNAs: a newly described class of encoded molecules that play a role in health and disease. Hippokratia. 2010;14(4):236.
33. Luan X, Zhou X, Naqvi A, Francis M, Foyle D, Nares S, et al. MicroRNAs and immunity in periodontal health and disease. International Journal of Oral Science. 2018;10(3):1-14.
34. Forster SC, Tate MD, Hertzog PJ. MicroRNA as type I interferon-regulated transcripts and modulators of the innate immune response. Frontiers in immunology. 2015;6:334.
35. Essandoh K, Li Y, Huo J, Fan G-C. MiRNA-mediated macrophage polarization and its potential role in the regulation of inflammatory response. Shock (Augusta, Ga). 2016;46(2):122.
36. Ren L, Zhang Y, Li J, Xiao Y, Zhang J, Wang Y, et al. Genetic drift of human coronavirus OC43 spike gene during adaptive evolution. Scientific reports. 2015;5:11451.
37. Lai FW, Stephenson KB, Mahony J, Lichty BD. Human coronavirus OC43 nucleocapsid protein binds microRNA 9 and potentiates NF-κB activation. Journal of virology. 2014;88(1):54-65.
38. Van Woensel J, Van Aalderen W, De Weerd W, Jansen N, Van Gestel J, Markhorst D, et al. Dexamethasone for treatment of patients mechanically ventilated for lower respiratory tract infection caused by respiratory syncytial virus. Thorax. 2003;58(5):383-7.
39. Mallick B, Ghosh Z, Chakrabarti J. MicroRNome analysis unravels the molecular basis of SARS infection in bronchoalveolar stem cells. PLoS One. 2009;4(11):e7837.
40. Morales L, Oliveros JC, Fernandez-Delgado R, Robert tenOever B, Enjuanes L, Sola I. SARS-CoV-encoded small RNAs contribute to infection-associated lung pathology. Cell host & microbe. 2017;21(3):344-55.
41. Fan P, Guan J, He W, Lv X, Hu S, Lan Y, et al. miR-142a-3p promotes the proliferation of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus by targeting Rab3a. Arch Virol. 2020;165(2):345-54.
42. Hu S, Li Z, Lan Y, Guan J, Zhao K, Chu D, et al. MiR-10a-5p-Mediated Syndecan 1 Suppression Restricts Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus Replication. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:105.
43. Lv X, Zhao K, Lan Y, Li Z, Ding N, Su J, et al. miR-21a-5p Contributes to Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus Proliferation via Targeting CASK-Interactive Protein1 In vivo and vitro. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:304.
44. Zheng H, Xu L, Liu Y, Li C, Zhang L, Wang T, et al. MicroRNA-221-5p inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication by targeting genomic viral RNA and activating the NF-κB pathway. International journal of molecular sciences. 2018;19(11):3381.
45. Mallick B, Ghosh Z, Chakrabarti J. MicroRNome analysis unravels the molecular basis of SARS infection in bronchoalveolar stem cells. PloS one. 2009;4(11).
46. Hasan MM, Akter R, Ullah M, Abedin M, Ullah G, Hossain M. A computational approach for predicting role of human microRNAs in MERS-CoV genome. Advances in bioinformatics. 2014;2014.
47. Zheng H, Xu L, Liu Y, Li C, Zhang L, Wang T, et al. MicroRNA-221-5p Inhibits Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Replication by Targeting Genomic Viral RNA and Activating the NF-kappaB Pathway. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(11).
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 5, No 4 (2022) | |
| Section | Review Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/igj.v5i4.16177 | |
| Keywords | ||
| COVID19 SARS-CoV2 miRNA SARS-CoV MERS-CoV | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Mahmoudian-Sani MR, Houshmandfar S, Ahangarzadeh M, Saeedi-Boroujeni A. miRNAs: Key Molecules in the Immunopathogenesis of Betacoronaviruses. Immunol Genet J. 2022;5(4):131-140.
