Cytokine Patterns in Iranian Patients with Asthma
,
Abstract
Asthma is one of the most common respiratory diseases caused by chronic airway inflammation. A complex network of cytokines could affect asthma development.IL-4, IL-13, IL-17, and IL-33 have been identified as cytokines associated with asthma severity and these cytokines can be considered as candidate biomarkers for predicting the asthma severity while the IL-10 is lower in asthmatics compared with healthy subjects. There are many controversies about the IL-22, IL-25, and TGF-β levels between the Iranian publications. No significant differences have been observed between the healthy subjects and the asthmatic cases regarding the IL-6 and IL-8 levels.
1. Quirt J, Hildebrand KJ, Mazza J, Noya F, Kim H. Asthma. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2018;14(Suppl 2):50.
2. Mirzaei M, Karimi M, Beheshti S, Mohammadi M. Prevalence of asthma among Middle Eastern children: A systematic review. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2016;31:9.
3. Ostovar A, Fokkens WJ, Pordel S, et al. The prevalence of asthma in adult population of southwestern Iran and its association with chronic rhinosinusitis: a GA2LEN study. Clin Transl Allergy. 2019;9:43.
4. Fazlollahi MR, Najmi M, Fallahnezhad M, Sabetkish N, Kazemnejad A, Bidad K, et al. Paediatric asthma prevalence: The first national population-based survey in Iran. Clin Respir J. 2019;13(1):14-22.
5. Lambrecht BN, Hammad H, Fahy JV. The cytokines of asthma. Immunity. 2019;50(4):975-91.
6. Hatami H, Ghaffari N, Ghaffari J, Rafatpanah H. Role of Cytokines and chemokines in the outcome of children with severe asthma. PEDIATR REV. 2019;7(1):17-28.
7. Mehta AA, Mahajan S. Role of cytokines in pathophysiology of asthma. IJPT. 2006;5(1):1-0.
8. Castillo JR, Peters SP, Busse WW. Asthma Exacerbations: Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017;5(4):918-927.
9. Balzar S, Chu HW, Silkoff P, et al. Increased TGF-beta2 in severe asthma with eosinophilia. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(1):110-117.
10. Bazzi MD, Sultan MA, Al Tassan N, et al. Interleukin 17A and F and asthma in Saudi Arabia: gene polymorphisms and protein levels. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2011;21(7):551-555.
11. Dimitrova D, Youroukova V, Ivanova-Todorova E, Tumangelova-Yuzeir K, Velikova T. Serum levels of IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13 and IL-17A in pre-defined groups of adult patients with moderate and severe bronchial asthma. Respir Med. 2019;154:144-154.
12. Zissler UM, Esser‐von Bieren J, Jakwerth CA, Chaker AM, Schmidt‐Weber CB. Current and future biomarkers in allergic asthma. Allergy. 2016;71(4):475-94.
13. Tavakkol Afshari J, Farid Hosseini R, Hosseini Farahabadi S, et al. Association of the expression of IL-4 and IL-13 genes, IL-4 and IgE serum levels with allergic asthma. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007;6(2):67-72.
14. Saba MA, Akbari H, Banihashemian SM, Jazayeri H, Talaei SA, Banihashemian SS, Ghaforian S. Relationship between serum levels of IL-4 and IgE with disease severity in allergic asthma. KAUMS Journal (FEYZ). 2013;17(4):366-72.
15. Hoseini-Shahrestanak S, Bazargan N, Rahimian L, Nemati M, Solaymani S, Jafarzadeh A. Imbalanced Expression of Th2 and Treg Cell-related Parameters in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Patients with Allergic Asthma. Tanaffos. 2018;17(1):1-12.
16. Mosayebian A, Koohini Z, Hossein-Nataj H, Abediankenari S, Abedi S, Asgarian-Omran H. Elevated Expression of Tim-3 and PD-1 Immune Checkpoint Receptors on T-CD4+ Lymphocytes of Patients with Asthma. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018;17(6):517-25.
17. Mowahedi M, Samet M, Zare F, Samadi M. Serum levels of IL-17A increase in Asthma but not in accordance with Serum level of IgE and Asthma Severity. IJML. 2015;2(1):25-33.
18. Sherkat R, Yazdani R, Ganjalikhani Hakemi M, et al. Innate lymphoid cells and cytokines of the novel subtypes of helper T cells in asthma. Asia Pac Allergy. 2014;4(4):212-221.
19. Zonoobi E, Saeedfar K, Pourdowlat G, Masjedi MR, Behmanesh M. The study of IL-10 and IL-17A genes expression in patients with different stages of asthma: a case-control study. Tanaffos. 2018 ;17(3):146.
20. Momen T, Ahanchian H, Reisi M, Shamsdin SA, Shahsanai A, Keivanfar M. Comparison of Interleukin-33 Serum Levels in Asthmatic Patients with a Control Group and Relation with the Severity of the Disease. Int J Prev Med. 2017;8:65.
21. Nadi E, Arjipour M, Sharifi S, Zamani A. Assay of IL-22 and IL-25 in serum, whole blood, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures of patients with severe asthma. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2014;42(5):402-406.
22. Ghanei M, Ghalejooghi NA, Nourani MR, Harandi AA, Fooladi AA. Effect of TGFß1 and TIMP2 on disease activity in asthma and COPD. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;9(2):79-86.
23. Ghaffari J, Rafiei AR, Ajami A, Mahdavi M, Hoshiar B. Serum interleukins 6 and 8 in mild and severe asthmatic patients, is it difference?. Caspian J Intern Med. 2011;2(2):226-228.
24. Huang AX, Lu LW, Liu WJ, Huang M. Plasma Inflammatory Cytokine IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α Levels Correlate with Pulmonary Function in Patients with Asthma-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Overlap Syndrome. Med Sci Monit. 2016;22:2800-2808.
25. Lama M, Chatterjee M, Nayak CR, Chaudhuri TK. Increased interleukin-4 and decreased interferon-γ levels in serum of children with asthma. Cytokine. 2011;55(3):335-8.
26. Steinke JW, Borish L. Th2 cytokines and asthma. Interleukin-4: its role in the pathogenesis of asthma, and targeting it for asthma treatment with interleukin-4 receptor antagonists. Respir Res. 2001;2(2):66-70.
27. Manise M, Holtappels G, Van Crombruggen K, Schleich F, Bachert C, Louis R. Sputum IgE and cytokines in asthma: relationship with sputum cellular profile. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58388.
28. Saha SK, Berry MA, Parker D, et al. Increased sputum and bronchial biopsy IL-13 expression in severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(3):685-691.
29. Wan XC, Woodruff PG. Biomarkers in Severe Asthma. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2016;36(3):547-557.
30. Manni ML, Robinson KM, Alcorn JF. A tale of two cytokines: IL-17 and IL-22 in asthma and infection. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2014;8(1):25-42.
31. Alyasin S, Karimi MH, Amin R, Babaei M, Darougar S. Interleukin-17 gene expression and serum levels in children with severe asthma. Iran J Immunol. 2013;10(3):177-185.
32. Chien JW, Lin CY, Yang KD, Lin CH, Kao JK, Tsai YG. Increased IL-17A secreting CD4+ T cells, serum IL-17 levels and exhaled nitric oxide are correlated with childhood asthma severity. Clin Exp Allergy. 2013;43(9):1018-1026.
33. Sjöberg LC, Nilsson AZ, Lei Y, Gregory JA, Adner M, Nilsson GP. Interleukin 33 exacerbates antigen driven airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation and remodeling in a mouse model of asthma. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):4219.
34. Chan BCL, Lam CWK, Tam LS, Wong CK. IL33: Roles in Allergic Inflammation and Therapeutic Perspectives. Front Immunol. 2019;10:364.
35. Bahrami Mahneh S, Movahedi M, Aryan Z, et al. Serum IL-33 Is Elevated in Children with Asthma and Is Associated with Disease Severity. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2015;168(3):193-196.
36. Préfontaine D, Lajoie-Kadoch S, Foley S, et al. Increased expression of IL-33 in severe asthma: evidence of expression by airway smooth muscle cells. J Immunol. 2009;183(8):5094-5103.
37. Guo Z, Wu J, Zhao J, et al. IL-33 promotes airway remodeling and is a marker of asthma disease severity. J Asthma. 2014;51(8):863-869.
38. Azazi EA, Elshora AE, Tantawy EA, Elsayd MA. Serum levels of Interleukin-33 and its soluble receptor ST2 in asthmatic patients. Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberc. 2014;63(2):279-84.
39. Raeiszadeh Jahromi S, Mahesh PA, Jayaraj BS, et al. Serum levels of IL-10, IL-17F and IL-33 in patients with asthma: a case-control study. J Asthma. 2014;51(10):1004-1013.
40. Ogawa Y, Duru EA, Ameredes BT. Role of IL-10 in the resolution of airway inflammation. Curr Mol Med. 2008;8(5):437-445.
41. Takanashi S, Hasegawa Y, Kanehira Y, Yamamoto K, Fujimoto K, Satoh K, et al. Interleukin-10 level in sputum is reduced in bronchial asthma, COPD and in smokers. Eur Respir J. 1999;14(2):309-14.
42. Matsumoto K, Inoue H, Fukuyama S, et al. Decrease of interleukin-10-producing T cells in the peripheral blood of severe unstable atopic asthmatics. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2004;134(4):295-302.
43. Robinson DS, Tsicopoulos A, Meng Q, Durham S, Kay AB, Hamid Q. Increased interleukin-10 messenger RNA expression in atopic allergy and asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1996;14(2):113-117.
44. Wong CK, Ho CY, Ko FW, et al. Proinflammatory cytokines (IL-17, IL-6, IL-18 and IL-12) and Th cytokines (IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13) in patients with allergic asthma. Clin Exp Immunol. 2001;125(2):177-183.
45. Koulis A, Robinson DS. The anti-inflammatory effects of interleukin-10 in allergic disease. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30(6):747-750.
46. Lyon H, Lange C, Lake S, et al. IL10 gene polymorphisms are associated with asthma phenotypes in children. Genet Epidemiol. 2004;26(2):155-165.
47. Nakagome K, Imamura M, Kawahata K, et al. High expression of IL-22 suppresses antigen-induced immune responses and eosinophilic airway inflammation via an IL-10-associated mechanism. J Immunol. 2011;187(10):5077-5089.
48. Farfariello V, Amantini C, Nabissi M, et al. IL-22 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from allergic rhinitic and asthmatic pediatric patients. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011;22(4):419-423.
49. Tang W, Smith SG, Beaudin S, et al. IL-25 and IL-25 receptor expression on eosinophils from subjects with allergic asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2014;163(1):5-10.
50. Zhao Y, Yang J, Gao YD, Guo W. Th17 immunity in patients with allergic asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2010;151(4):297-307.
51. Torrego A, Hew M, Oates T, Sukkar M, Fan Chung K. Expression and activation of TGF-beta isoforms in acute allergen-induced remodelling in asthma. Thorax. 2007;62(4):307-313.
52. Ling KM, Sutanto EN, Iosifidis T, et al. Reduced transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in the repair of airway epithelial cells of children with asthma. Respirology. 2016;21(7):1219-1226.
53. Baye TM, Abebe T, Wilke RA. Genotype-environment interactions and their translational implications. Per Med. 2011;8(1):59-70.
54. Jie Y, Isa ZM, Jie X, Ju ZL, Ismail NH. Urban vs. rural factors that affect adult asthma. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2013;226:33-63.
55. Alwakil IM, Al Kabeer AM, Kabil TH, Abeer A. Serum Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8 in bronchial asthma. AAMJ. 2011;9(Suppl. 1).
2. Mirzaei M, Karimi M, Beheshti S, Mohammadi M. Prevalence of asthma among Middle Eastern children: A systematic review. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2016;31:9.
3. Ostovar A, Fokkens WJ, Pordel S, et al. The prevalence of asthma in adult population of southwestern Iran and its association with chronic rhinosinusitis: a GA2LEN study. Clin Transl Allergy. 2019;9:43.
4. Fazlollahi MR, Najmi M, Fallahnezhad M, Sabetkish N, Kazemnejad A, Bidad K, et al. Paediatric asthma prevalence: The first national population-based survey in Iran. Clin Respir J. 2019;13(1):14-22.
5. Lambrecht BN, Hammad H, Fahy JV. The cytokines of asthma. Immunity. 2019;50(4):975-91.
6. Hatami H, Ghaffari N, Ghaffari J, Rafatpanah H. Role of Cytokines and chemokines in the outcome of children with severe asthma. PEDIATR REV. 2019;7(1):17-28.
7. Mehta AA, Mahajan S. Role of cytokines in pathophysiology of asthma. IJPT. 2006;5(1):1-0.
8. Castillo JR, Peters SP, Busse WW. Asthma Exacerbations: Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017;5(4):918-927.
9. Balzar S, Chu HW, Silkoff P, et al. Increased TGF-beta2 in severe asthma with eosinophilia. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(1):110-117.
10. Bazzi MD, Sultan MA, Al Tassan N, et al. Interleukin 17A and F and asthma in Saudi Arabia: gene polymorphisms and protein levels. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2011;21(7):551-555.
11. Dimitrova D, Youroukova V, Ivanova-Todorova E, Tumangelova-Yuzeir K, Velikova T. Serum levels of IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13 and IL-17A in pre-defined groups of adult patients with moderate and severe bronchial asthma. Respir Med. 2019;154:144-154.
12. Zissler UM, Esser‐von Bieren J, Jakwerth CA, Chaker AM, Schmidt‐Weber CB. Current and future biomarkers in allergic asthma. Allergy. 2016;71(4):475-94.
13. Tavakkol Afshari J, Farid Hosseini R, Hosseini Farahabadi S, et al. Association of the expression of IL-4 and IL-13 genes, IL-4 and IgE serum levels with allergic asthma. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007;6(2):67-72.
14. Saba MA, Akbari H, Banihashemian SM, Jazayeri H, Talaei SA, Banihashemian SS, Ghaforian S. Relationship between serum levels of IL-4 and IgE with disease severity in allergic asthma. KAUMS Journal (FEYZ). 2013;17(4):366-72.
15. Hoseini-Shahrestanak S, Bazargan N, Rahimian L, Nemati M, Solaymani S, Jafarzadeh A. Imbalanced Expression of Th2 and Treg Cell-related Parameters in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Patients with Allergic Asthma. Tanaffos. 2018;17(1):1-12.
16. Mosayebian A, Koohini Z, Hossein-Nataj H, Abediankenari S, Abedi S, Asgarian-Omran H. Elevated Expression of Tim-3 and PD-1 Immune Checkpoint Receptors on T-CD4+ Lymphocytes of Patients with Asthma. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018;17(6):517-25.
17. Mowahedi M, Samet M, Zare F, Samadi M. Serum levels of IL-17A increase in Asthma but not in accordance with Serum level of IgE and Asthma Severity. IJML. 2015;2(1):25-33.
18. Sherkat R, Yazdani R, Ganjalikhani Hakemi M, et al. Innate lymphoid cells and cytokines of the novel subtypes of helper T cells in asthma. Asia Pac Allergy. 2014;4(4):212-221.
19. Zonoobi E, Saeedfar K, Pourdowlat G, Masjedi MR, Behmanesh M. The study of IL-10 and IL-17A genes expression in patients with different stages of asthma: a case-control study. Tanaffos. 2018 ;17(3):146.
20. Momen T, Ahanchian H, Reisi M, Shamsdin SA, Shahsanai A, Keivanfar M. Comparison of Interleukin-33 Serum Levels in Asthmatic Patients with a Control Group and Relation with the Severity of the Disease. Int J Prev Med. 2017;8:65.
21. Nadi E, Arjipour M, Sharifi S, Zamani A. Assay of IL-22 and IL-25 in serum, whole blood, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures of patients with severe asthma. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2014;42(5):402-406.
22. Ghanei M, Ghalejooghi NA, Nourani MR, Harandi AA, Fooladi AA. Effect of TGFß1 and TIMP2 on disease activity in asthma and COPD. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;9(2):79-86.
23. Ghaffari J, Rafiei AR, Ajami A, Mahdavi M, Hoshiar B. Serum interleukins 6 and 8 in mild and severe asthmatic patients, is it difference?. Caspian J Intern Med. 2011;2(2):226-228.
24. Huang AX, Lu LW, Liu WJ, Huang M. Plasma Inflammatory Cytokine IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α Levels Correlate with Pulmonary Function in Patients with Asthma-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Overlap Syndrome. Med Sci Monit. 2016;22:2800-2808.
25. Lama M, Chatterjee M, Nayak CR, Chaudhuri TK. Increased interleukin-4 and decreased interferon-γ levels in serum of children with asthma. Cytokine. 2011;55(3):335-8.
26. Steinke JW, Borish L. Th2 cytokines and asthma. Interleukin-4: its role in the pathogenesis of asthma, and targeting it for asthma treatment with interleukin-4 receptor antagonists. Respir Res. 2001;2(2):66-70.
27. Manise M, Holtappels G, Van Crombruggen K, Schleich F, Bachert C, Louis R. Sputum IgE and cytokines in asthma: relationship with sputum cellular profile. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58388.
28. Saha SK, Berry MA, Parker D, et al. Increased sputum and bronchial biopsy IL-13 expression in severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(3):685-691.
29. Wan XC, Woodruff PG. Biomarkers in Severe Asthma. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2016;36(3):547-557.
30. Manni ML, Robinson KM, Alcorn JF. A tale of two cytokines: IL-17 and IL-22 in asthma and infection. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2014;8(1):25-42.
31. Alyasin S, Karimi MH, Amin R, Babaei M, Darougar S. Interleukin-17 gene expression and serum levels in children with severe asthma. Iran J Immunol. 2013;10(3):177-185.
32. Chien JW, Lin CY, Yang KD, Lin CH, Kao JK, Tsai YG. Increased IL-17A secreting CD4+ T cells, serum IL-17 levels and exhaled nitric oxide are correlated with childhood asthma severity. Clin Exp Allergy. 2013;43(9):1018-1026.
33. Sjöberg LC, Nilsson AZ, Lei Y, Gregory JA, Adner M, Nilsson GP. Interleukin 33 exacerbates antigen driven airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation and remodeling in a mouse model of asthma. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):4219.
34. Chan BCL, Lam CWK, Tam LS, Wong CK. IL33: Roles in Allergic Inflammation and Therapeutic Perspectives. Front Immunol. 2019;10:364.
35. Bahrami Mahneh S, Movahedi M, Aryan Z, et al. Serum IL-33 Is Elevated in Children with Asthma and Is Associated with Disease Severity. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2015;168(3):193-196.
36. Préfontaine D, Lajoie-Kadoch S, Foley S, et al. Increased expression of IL-33 in severe asthma: evidence of expression by airway smooth muscle cells. J Immunol. 2009;183(8):5094-5103.
37. Guo Z, Wu J, Zhao J, et al. IL-33 promotes airway remodeling and is a marker of asthma disease severity. J Asthma. 2014;51(8):863-869.
38. Azazi EA, Elshora AE, Tantawy EA, Elsayd MA. Serum levels of Interleukin-33 and its soluble receptor ST2 in asthmatic patients. Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberc. 2014;63(2):279-84.
39. Raeiszadeh Jahromi S, Mahesh PA, Jayaraj BS, et al. Serum levels of IL-10, IL-17F and IL-33 in patients with asthma: a case-control study. J Asthma. 2014;51(10):1004-1013.
40. Ogawa Y, Duru EA, Ameredes BT. Role of IL-10 in the resolution of airway inflammation. Curr Mol Med. 2008;8(5):437-445.
41. Takanashi S, Hasegawa Y, Kanehira Y, Yamamoto K, Fujimoto K, Satoh K, et al. Interleukin-10 level in sputum is reduced in bronchial asthma, COPD and in smokers. Eur Respir J. 1999;14(2):309-14.
42. Matsumoto K, Inoue H, Fukuyama S, et al. Decrease of interleukin-10-producing T cells in the peripheral blood of severe unstable atopic asthmatics. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2004;134(4):295-302.
43. Robinson DS, Tsicopoulos A, Meng Q, Durham S, Kay AB, Hamid Q. Increased interleukin-10 messenger RNA expression in atopic allergy and asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1996;14(2):113-117.
44. Wong CK, Ho CY, Ko FW, et al. Proinflammatory cytokines (IL-17, IL-6, IL-18 and IL-12) and Th cytokines (IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13) in patients with allergic asthma. Clin Exp Immunol. 2001;125(2):177-183.
45. Koulis A, Robinson DS. The anti-inflammatory effects of interleukin-10 in allergic disease. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30(6):747-750.
46. Lyon H, Lange C, Lake S, et al. IL10 gene polymorphisms are associated with asthma phenotypes in children. Genet Epidemiol. 2004;26(2):155-165.
47. Nakagome K, Imamura M, Kawahata K, et al. High expression of IL-22 suppresses antigen-induced immune responses and eosinophilic airway inflammation via an IL-10-associated mechanism. J Immunol. 2011;187(10):5077-5089.
48. Farfariello V, Amantini C, Nabissi M, et al. IL-22 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from allergic rhinitic and asthmatic pediatric patients. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011;22(4):419-423.
49. Tang W, Smith SG, Beaudin S, et al. IL-25 and IL-25 receptor expression on eosinophils from subjects with allergic asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2014;163(1):5-10.
50. Zhao Y, Yang J, Gao YD, Guo W. Th17 immunity in patients with allergic asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2010;151(4):297-307.
51. Torrego A, Hew M, Oates T, Sukkar M, Fan Chung K. Expression and activation of TGF-beta isoforms in acute allergen-induced remodelling in asthma. Thorax. 2007;62(4):307-313.
52. Ling KM, Sutanto EN, Iosifidis T, et al. Reduced transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in the repair of airway epithelial cells of children with asthma. Respirology. 2016;21(7):1219-1226.
53. Baye TM, Abebe T, Wilke RA. Genotype-environment interactions and their translational implications. Per Med. 2011;8(1):59-70.
54. Jie Y, Isa ZM, Jie X, Ju ZL, Ismail NH. Urban vs. rural factors that affect adult asthma. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2013;226:33-63.
55. Alwakil IM, Al Kabeer AM, Kabil TH, Abeer A. Serum Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8 in bronchial asthma. AAMJ. 2011;9(Suppl. 1).
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 3, No 4 (2020) | |
| Section | Review Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/igj.v3i4.7455 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Cytokine Level Asthma Biomarker Iran | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Alyasin S, Kanannejad Z, Esmaeilzadeh H, Nabavizadeh H, Amin R. Cytokine Patterns in Iranian Patients with Asthma. Immunol Genet J. 2020;3(4):180-186.
