Cardiovascular Complications in Respiratory Viral Infections with a Focus on COVID-19
-
Elahe Aleebrahim-Dehkordi
,
Mehdi Mohebalizadeh
,
Zahra Ganjirad
,
Sara Torabi
,
Dariush Hooshyar
,
Amene Saghazadeh
Abstract
Patients with respiratory viral infections have altered immune responses, which may predispose them to cardiovascular complications. In the face of the pandemic of a new kind of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there is a resurgence of interest in the early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of patients who are at risk. COVID-19 often manifests as viral pneumonia, although extrapulmonary manifestations are also common. Acute cardiac damage associated with elevated high-sensitivity troponin levels crucially contributes to mortality in severe COVID-19. The present review clinically compares cardiovascular complications between COVID-19 and other respiratory infections caused by single-stranded RNA viruses, namely influenza, SARS, and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Estimating the death rate from RVIs has been a subject of intense research, but the mortality from cardiovascular complications in these infections is less understood and calls for further research.
1. Cui J, Li FShi ZL. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019;17(3):181-92.
2. Lundstrom K, Seyran M, Pizzol D, Adadi P, Mohamed Abd El-Aziz T, Hassan SS, et al. Viewpoint: Origin of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses. 2020;12(11).
3. Seyran M, Pizzol D, Adadi P, El-Aziz TMA, Hassan SS, Soares A, et al. Questions concerning the proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol. 2021;93(3):1204-06.
4. Sharifkashani S, Bafrani MA, Khaboushan AS, Pirzadeh M, Kheirandish A, Yavarpour Bali H, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and SARS-CoV-2: Potential therapeutic targeting. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020;884:173455.
5. Seyran M, Takayama K, Uversky VN, Lundstrom K, Palu G, Sherchan SP, et al. The structural basis of accelerated host cell entry by SARS-CoV-2dagger. FEBS J. 2021;288(17):5010-20.
6. Jabbari P, Jabbari F, Ebrahimi SRezaei N. COVID-19: A Chimera of Two Pandemics. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2020;14(3):e38-e39.
7. Hanaei SRezaei N. COVID-19: Developing from an Outbreak to A Pandemic. Arch Med Res. 2020;51(6):582-84.
8. Hanaei S, Takian A, Majdzadeh R, Maboloc CR, Grossmann I, Gomes O, et al. Emerging Standards and the Hybrid Model for Organizing Scientific Events During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2022;16(3):1172-77.
9. Jabbari PRezaei N. With Risk of Reinfection, Is COVID-19 Here to Stay? Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2020;14(4):e33.
10. Jabbari P, Taraghikhah N, Jabbari F, Ebrahimi SRezaei N. Adherence of the General Public to Self-Protection Guidelines During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2022;16(3):871-74.
11. Kafieh R, Arian R, Saeedizadeh N, Amini Z, Serej ND, Minaee S, et al. COVID-19 in Iran: Forecasting Pandemic Using Deep Learning. Comput Math Methods Med. 2021;2021:6927985.
12. Hessami A, Shamshirian A, Heydari K, Pourali F, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Moosazadeh M, et al. Cardiovascular diseases burden in COVID-19: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;46:382-91.
13. Jahanshahlu LRezaei N. Central Nervous System Involvement in COVID-19. Arch Med Res. 2020;51(7):721-22.
14. Nejadghaderi SA, Heidari A, Shakerian N, Saghazadeh ARezaei N. Cardiovascular system is at higher risk of affecting by COVID-19. Acta Biomed. 2020;91(3):e2020018.
15. Sarzaeim MRezaei N. Kawasaki Disease and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children with COVID-19. SN Compr Clin Med. 2020;2(11):2096-101.
16. Yazdanpanah N, Saghazadeh ARezaei N. Anosmia: a missing link in the neuroimmunology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Rev Neurosci. 2020;31(7):691-701.
17. Goudarzi S, Dehghani Firouzabadi F, Dehghani Firouzabadi MRezaei N. Cutaneous lesions and COVID-19: Cystic painful lesion in a case with positive SARS-CoV-2. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(6):e14266.
18. Jabalameli N, Rajabi F, Firooz ARezaei N. The Overlap between Genetic Susceptibility to COVID-19 and Skin Diseases. Immunol Invest. 2022;51(4):1087-94.
19. Heidarpour M, Vakhshoori M, Abbasi S, Shafie DRezaei N. Adrenal insufficiency in coronavirus disease 2019: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2020;14(1):134.
20. Torabi S, Bahreini FRezaei N. The role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in COVID-19 induced lung injury. Acta Biomed. 2020;91(4):e2020142.
21. Aleebrahim-Dehkordi E, Soveyzi F, Deravi N, Rabbani Z, Saghazadeh ARezaei N. Human Coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 in Children. J Pediatr Nurs. 2021;56:70-79.
22. Shakerian N, Mofateh R, Saghazadeh A, Rezaei NRezaei N. Potential Prophylactic and Therapeutic Effects of Respiratory Physiotherapy for COVID-19. Acta Biomed. 2020;92(1):e2021020.
23. Vakhshoori M, Heidarpour M, Shafie D, Taheri M, Rezaei NSarrafzadegan N. Acute Cardiac Injury in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Arch Iran Med. 2020;23(11):801-12.
24. Safdarian AR, Momenzadeh K, Kahe F, Farhangnia PRezaei N. Death due to COVID-19 in a patient with diabetes, epilepsy, and gout comorbidities. Clin Case Rep. 2021;9(1):461-64.
25. Basiri A, Pazhouhnia Z, Beheshtizadeh N, Hoseinpour M, Saghazadeh ARezaei N. Regenerative Medicine in COVID-19 Treatment: Real Opportunities and Range of Promises. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2021;17(1):163-75.
26. Fathi NRezaei N. Lymphopenia in COVID-19: Therapeutic opportunities. Cell Biol Int. 2020;44(9):1792-97.
27. Jahanshahlu LRezaei N. Monoclonal antibody as a potential anti-COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;129:110337.
28. Jiang F, Yang J, Zhang Y, Dong M, Wang S, Zhang Q, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin 1-7: novel therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2014;11(7):413-26.
29. Lotfi M, Hamblin MRRezaei N. COVID-19: Transmission, prevention, and potential therapeutic opportunities. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;508:254-66.
30. Lotfi MRezaei N. CRISPR/Cas13: A potential therapeutic option of COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;131:110738.
31. Mohamed K, Yazdanpanah N, Saghazadeh ARezaei N. Computational drug discovery and repurposing for the treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review. Bioorg Chem. 2021;106:104490.
32. Palit P, Chattopadhyay D, Thomas S, Kundu A, Kim HSRezaei N. Phytopharmaceuticals mediated Furin and TMPRSS2 receptor blocking: can it be a potential therapeutic option for Covid-19? Phytomedicine. 2021;85:153396.
33. Pourahmad R, Moazzami BRezaei N. Efficacy of Plasmapheresis and Immunoglobulin Replacement Therapy (IVIG) on Patients with COVID-19. SN Compr Clin Med. 2020;2(9):1407-11.
34. Saghazadeh ARezaei N. Towards treatment planning of COVID-19: Rationale and hypothesis for the use of multiple immunosuppressive agents: Anti-antibodies, immunoglobulins, and corticosteroids. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;84:106560.
35. Peymani P, Dehesh T, Aligolighasemabadi F, Sadeghdoust M, Kotfis K, Ahmadi M, et al. Statins in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study in Iranian COVID-19 patients. Transl Med Commun. 2021;6(1):3.
36. Rezaei N. COVID-19 and Medical Biotechnology. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol. 2020;12(3):139.
37. Shojaeefar E, Malih NRezaei N. The possible double-edged sword effects of vitamin D on COVID-19: A hypothesis. Cell Biol Int. 2021;45(1):54-57.
38. Yazdanpanah N, Saghazadeh ARezaei N. Anosmia: a missing link in the neuroimmunology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Reviews in the Neurosciences. 2020;1(ahead-of-print).
39. Sadeghmousavi SRezaei N. COVID-19 and Multiple Sclerosis: Predisposition and Precautions in Treatment. SN Compr Clin Med. 2020;2(10):1802-07.
40. Saleki K, Banazadeh M, Saghazadeh ARezaei N. The involvement of the central nervous system in patients with COVID-19. Rev Neurosci. 2020;31(4):453-56.
41. Nejadghaderi SA, Heidari A, Shakerian N, Saghazadeh ARezaei N. Cardiovascular system is at higher risk of affecting by COVID-19. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis. 2020;91(3):e2020018.
42. Jenab Y, Rezaei N, Hedayat B, Naderian M, Shirani SHosseini K. Occurrence of acute coronary syndrome, pulmonary thromboembolism, and cerebrovascular event in COVID-19. Clin Case Rep. 2020;8(12):2414-17.
43. Heidarpour M, Vakhshoori M, Abbasi S, Shafie DRezaei N. Adrenal insufficiency in coronavirus disease 2019: a case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports. 2020;14(1):1-4.
44. Jahanshahlu LRezaei N. Central nervous system involvement in COVID-19. Archives of medical research. 2020;51(7):721-22.
45. Sidhu RS, Sharma A, Paterson IDBainey KR. Influenza H1N1 Infection Leading To Cardiac Tamponade in a Previously Healthy Patient: A Case Report. Res Cardiovasc Med. 2016;5(3):e31546.
46. Pyrc K, Berkhout Bvan der Hoek L. Identification of new human coronaviruses. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2007;5(2):245-53.
47. Yeager CL, Ashmun RA, Williams RK, Cardellichio CB, Shapiro LH, Look AT, et al. Human aminopeptidase N is a receptor for human coronavirus 229E. Nature. 1992;357(6377):420-22.
48. Sloots TP, McErlean P, Speicher DJ, Arden KE, Nissen MDMackay IM. Evidence of human coronavirus HKU1 and human bocavirus in Australian children. J Clin Virol. 2006;35(1):99-102.
49. Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus ADFouchier RA. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(19):1814-20.
50. Kuiken T, Fouchier RA, Schutten M, Rimmelzwaan GF, Van Amerongen G, Van Riel D, et al. Newly discovered coronavirus as the primary cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. The Lancet. 2003;362(9380):263-70.
51. Yu CM, Wong RS, Wu EB, Kong SL, Wong J, Yip GW, et al. Cardiovascular complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Postgrad Med J. 2006;82(964):140-4.
52. Chong PY, Chui P, Ling AE, Franks TJ, Tai DY, Leo YS, et al. Analysis of deaths during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in Singapore: challenges in determining a SARS diagnosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2004;128(2):195-204.
53. Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4):420-22.
54. Lai CC, Shih TP, Ko WC, Tang HJHsueh PR. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(3):105924.
55. Cheng H, Wang YWang GQ. Organ-protective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and its effect on the prognosis of COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2020;92(7):726-30.
56. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061-69.
57. Maclachlan NJDubovi EJ. Fenner's veterinary virology: Academic press; 2010.
58. Fu X, Zhou Y, Wu J, Liu X, Ding C, Huang C, et al. A severe seasonal influenza epidemic during 2017–2018 in China after the 2009 pandemic influenza: A modeling study. Infectious Microbes & Diseases. 2019;1(1):20-26.
59. Parhizkar Roudsari P, Alavi-Moghadam S, Payab M, Sayahpour FA, Aghayan HR, Goodarzi P, et al. Auxiliary role of mesenchymal stem cells as regenerative medicine soldiers to attenuate inflammatory processes of severe acute respiratory infections caused by COVID-19. Cell Tissue Bank. 2020;21(3):405-25.
60. Kir D, Mohan CSancassani R. Heart Brake: An Unusual Cardiac Manifestation of COVID-19. JACC Case Rep. 2020;2(9):1252-55.
61. Peigh G, Leya MV, Baman JR, Cantey EP, Knight BPFlaherty JD. Novel coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) associated sinus node dysfunction: a case series. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2020;4(FI1):1-6.
62. Goyal P, Choi JJ, Pinheiro LC, Schenck EJ, Chen R, Jabri A, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Covid-19 in New York City. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(24):2372-74.
63. Colon CM, Barrios JG, Chiles JW, McElwee SK, Russell DW, Maddox WR, et al. Atrial Arrhythmias in COVID-19 Patients. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2020;6(9):1189-90.
64. Gopinathannair R, Merchant FM, Lakkireddy DR, Etheridge SP, Feigofsky S, Han JK, et al. COVID-19 and cardiac arrhythmias: a global perspective on arrhythmia characteristics and management strategies. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2020;59(2):329-36.
65. Russo V, Rago A, Carbone A, Bottino R, Ammendola E, Della Cioppa N, et al. Atrial Fibrillation in COVID-19: From Epidemiological Association to Pharmacological Implications. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2020;76(2):138-45.
66. Seecheran R, Narayansingh R, Giddings S, Rampaul M, Furlonge K, Abdool K, et al. Atrial Arrhythmias in a Patient Presenting With Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) Infection. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 2020;8:2324709620925571.
67. Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, Wu X, Zhang L, He T, et al. Cardiovascular Implications of Fatal Outcomes of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(7):811-18.
68. Chorin E, Wadhwani L, Magnani S, Dai M, Shulman E, Nadeau-Routhier C, et al. QT interval prolongation and torsade de pointes in patients with COVID-19 treated with hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin. Heart Rhythm. 2020;17(9):1425-33.
69. Saleh M, Gabriels J, Chang D, Soo Kim B, Mansoor A, Mahmood E, et al. Effect of Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, and Azithromycin on the Corrected QT Interval in Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2020;13(6):e008662.
70. Mercuro NJ, Yen CF, Shim DJ, Maher TR, McCoy CM, Zimetbaum PJ, et al. Risk of QT interval prolongation associated with use of hydroxychloroquine with or without concomitant azithromycin among hospitalized patients testing positive for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA cardiology. 2020;5(9):1036-41.
71. Chorin E, Dai M, Shulman E, Wadhwani L, Bar-Cohen R, Barbhaiya C, et al. The QT interval in patients with COVID-19 treated with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin. Nature medicine. 2020;26(6):808-09.
72. Berman JP, Abrams MP, Kushnir A, Rubin GA, Ehlert F, Biviano A, et al. Cardiac electrophysiology consultative experience at the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2020;20(6):250-56.
73. Shao F, Xu S, Ma X, Xu Z, Lyu J, Ng M, et al. In-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes among patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Resuscitation. 2020;151:18-23.
74. Musikantow DR, Turagam MK, Sartori S, Chu E, Kawamura I, Shivamurthy P, et al. Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19: Incidence, Predictors, Outcomes, and Comparison to Influenza. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2021;7(9):1120-30.
75. Ip RJ, Ali A, Baloch ZQ, Al-Abcha A, Jacob C, Arnautovic J, et al. Atrial fibrillation as a predictor of mortality in high risk COVID-19 patients: a multicentre study of 171 patients. Heart, Lung and Circulation. 2021;30(8):1151-56.
76. Mountantonakis SE, Saleh M, Fishbein J, Gandomi A, Lesser M, Chelico J, et al. Atrial fibrillation is an independent predictor for in-hospital mortality in patients admitted with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Heart Rhythm. 2021;18(4):501-07.
77. Yarmohammadi H, Morrow JP, Dizon J, Biviano A, Ehlert F, Saluja D, et al. Frequency of Atrial Arrhythmia in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19. Am J Cardiol. 2021;147:52-57.
78. Coromilas EJ, Kochav S, Goldenthal I, Biviano A, Garan H, Goldbarg S, et al. Worldwide Survey of COVID-19-Associated Arrhythmias. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2021;14(3):e009458.
79. Siripanthong B, Nazarian S, Muser D, Deo R, Santangeli P, Khanji MY, et al. Recognizing COVID-19-related myocarditis: The possible pathophysiology and proposed guideline for diagnosis and management. Heart Rhythm. 2020;17(9):1463-71.
80. Sagar S, Liu PPCooper LT, Jr. Myocarditis. Lancet. 2012;379(9817):738-47.
81. Gupta MD, Qamar A, Mp G, Safal S, Batra V, Basia D, et al. Bradyarrhythmias in patients with COVID-19: A case series. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2020;20(5):211-12.
82. Shouman K, Vanichkachorn G, Cheshire WP, Suarez MD, Shelly S, Lamotte GJ, et al. Autonomic dysfunction following COVID-19 infection: an early experience. Clin Auton Res. 2021;31(3):385-94.
83. Johansson M, Ståhlberg M, Runold M, Nygren-Bonnier M, Nilsson J, Olshansky B, et al. Long-haul post–COVID-19 symptoms presenting as a variant of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: the Swedish experience. Case Reports. 2021;3(4):573-80.
84. Agarwal AK, Garg R, Ritch ASarkar P. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Postgrad Med J. 2007;83(981):478-80.
85. Doyen D, Moceri P, Ducreux DDellamonica J. Myocarditis in a patient with COVID-19: a cause of raised troponin and ECG changes. Lancet. 2020;395(10235):1516.
86. Zeng J. H, Liu Y‐X, Yuan J, et al. First case of COVID‐19 complicated with fulminant myocarditis: a case report and insights Infection. 2020;48(5):773-77.
87. Inciardi RM, Lupi L, Zaccone G, Italia L, Raffo M, Tomasoni D, et al. Cardiac Involvement in a Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(7):819-24.
88. Kim IC, Kim JY, Kim HAHan S. COVID-19-related myocarditis in a 21-year-old female patient. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(19):1859.
89. Sala S, Peretto G, Gramegna M, Palmisano A, Villatore A, Vignale D, et al. Acute myocarditis presenting as a reverse Tako-Tsubo syndrome in a patient with SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infection. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(19):1861-62.
90. Paul JF, Charles P, Richaud C, Caussin CDiakov C. Myocarditis revealing COVID-19 infection in a young patient. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;21(7):776.
91. Trogen B, Gonzalez FJShust GF. COVID-19-Associated Myocarditis in an Adolescent. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020;39(8):e204-e05.
92. Irabien-Ortiz Á, Carreras-Mora J, Sionis A, Pàmies J, Montiel JTauron M. Fulminant myocarditis due to COVID-19. Revista espanola de cardiologia (English Ed). 2020;73(6):503.
93. Yokoo P, Fonseca EKUN, Sasdelli Neto R, Ishikawa WY, Silva MMA, Yanata E, et al. Miocardite na COVID-19: um relato de caso. Einstein (São Paulo). 2020;18.
94. Bois MC, Boire NA, Layman AJ, Aubry MC, Alexander MP, Roden AC, et al. COVID-19-Associated Nonocclusive Fibrin Microthrombi in the Heart. Circulation. 2021;143(3):230-43.
95. Falasca L, Nardacci R, Colombo D, Lalle E, Di Caro A, Nicastri E, et al. Postmortem findings in Italian patients with COVID-19: a descriptive full autopsy study of cases with and without comorbidities. J Infect Dis. 2020;222(11):1807-15.
96. Basso C, Leone O, Rizzo S, De Gaspari M, van der Wal AC, Aubry MC, et al. Pathological features of COVID-19-associated myocardial injury: a multicentre cardiovascular pathology study. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(39):3827-35.
97. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
98. Kesici S, Aykan HH, Orhan DBayrakci B. Fulminant COVID-19-related myocarditis in an infant. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(31):3021.
99. Nicol M, Cacoub L, Baudet M, Nahmani Y, Cacoub P, Cohen-Solal A, et al. Delayed acute myocarditis and COVID-19-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome. ESC Heart Fail. 2020;7(6):4371-76.
100. Spano G, Fischer K, Maillat C, Vicario G, Huber ATGräni C. Delayed isolated peri-myocarditis in a Covid-19 patient with respiratory symptoms but without lung involvement. Int J Cardiovasc. 2020;36(11):2279-80.
101. Bajaj R, Sinclair HC, Patel K, Low B, Pericao A, Manisty C, et al. Delayed-onset myocarditis following COVID-19. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9(4):e32-e34.
102. Dennis A, Wamil M, Alberts J, Oben J, Cuthbertson DJ, Wootton D, et al. Multiorgan impairment in low-risk individuals with post-COVID-19 syndrome: a prospective, community-based study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(3):e048391.
103. Rehman M, Gondal ARehman NU. Atypical Manifestation of COVID-19-Induced Myocarditis. Cureus. 2020;12(6):e8685.
104. Phelan D, Kim JH, Elliott MD, Wasfy MM, Cremer P, Johri AM, et al. Screening of Potential Cardiac Involvement in Competitive Athletes Recovering From COVID-19: An Expert Consensus Statement. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13(12):2635-52.
105. Ng M-Y, Ferreira VM, Leung ST, Yin Lee JC, Ho-Tung Fong A, To Liu RW, et al. Patients recovered from COVID-19 show ongoing subclinical myocarditis as revealed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiovascular Imaging. 2020;13(11):2476-78.
106. Kim JH, Levine BD, Phelan D, Emery MS, Martinez MW, Chung EH, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 and the Athletic Heart: Emerging Perspectives on Pathology, Risks, and Return to Play. JAMA Cardiol. 2021;6(2):219-27.
107. Huang L, Zhao P, Tang D, Zhu T, Han R, Zhan C, et al. Cardiac Involvement in Patients Recovered From COVID-2019 Identified Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13(11):2330-39.
108. Jagia P, Ojha V, Naik NSharma S. Myocardial fibrosis detected by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in absence of myocardial oedema in a patient recovered from COVID-19. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(12):e240193.
109. Grosse C, Grosse A, Salzer HJF, Dunser MW, Motz RLanger R. Analysis of cardiopulmonary findings in COVID-19 fatalities: High incidence of pulmonary artery thrombi and acute suppurative bronchopneumonia. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2020;49:107263.
110. Tian S, Xiong Y, Liu H, Niu L, Guo J, Liao M, et al. Pathological study of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) through postmortem core biopsies. Modern Pathology. 2020;33(6):1007-14.
111. Siddiqi HK, Libby PRidker PM. COVID-19 - A vascular disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2021;31(1):1-5.
112. Libby PLüscher T. COVID-19 is, in the end, an endothelial disease. European heart journal. 2020;41(32):3038-44.
113. Varga Z, Flammer AJ, Steiger P, Haberecker M, Andermatt R, Zinkernagel AS, et al. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;395(10234):1417-18.
114. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. cell. 2020;181(2):271-80. e8.
115. Teuwen L-A, Geldhof V, Pasut ACarmeliet P. COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed. Nat Rev Immunol 2020;20(7):389-91.
116. Tang N, Li D, Wang XSun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844-47.
117. Connors JMLevy JH. COVID-19 and its implications for thrombosis and anticoagulation. Blood. 2020;135(23):2033-40.
118. Klok F, Kruip M, Van der Meer N, Arbous M, Gommers D, Kant K, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thrombosis research. 2020;191:145-47.
119. Zhang Y, Xiao M, Zhang S, Xia P, Cao W, Jiang W, et al. Coagulopathy and Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(17):e38.
120. Bowles L, Platton S, Yartey N, Dave M, Lee K, Hart DP, et al. Lupus Anticoagulant and Abnormal Coagulation Tests in Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(3):288-90.
121. Iba T, Levy JH, Warkentin TE, Thachil J, van der Poll T, Levi M, et al. Diagnosis and management of sepsis-induced coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation. J Thromb Haemost. 2019;17(11):1989-94.
122. Lippi G, Plebani MHenry BM. Thrombocytopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: a meta-analysis. Clinica chimica acta. 2020;506:145-48.
123. Liang W, Liang H, Ou L, Chen B, Chen A, Li C, et al. Development and Validation of a Clinical Risk Score to Predict the Occurrence of Critical Illness in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(8):1081-89.
124. Redfors B, Vedad R, Angerås O, Råmunddal T, Petursson P, Haraldsson I, et al. Mortality in takotsubo syndrome is similar to mortality in myocardial infarction—a report from the SWEDEHEART registry. Int J Cardiol. 2015;185:282-89.
125. Akashi YJ, Nakazawa K, Sakakibara M, Miyake F, Musha HSasaka K. 123I-MIBG myocardial scintigraphy in patients with "takotsubo" cardiomyopathy. J Nucl Med. 2004;45(7):1121-7.
126. Kume T, Akasaka T, Kawamoto T, Yoshitani H, Watanabe N, Neishi Y, et al. Assessment of coronary microcirculation in patients with takotsubo-like left ventricular dysfunction. Circ J. 2005;69(8):934-9.
127. Fajgenbaum DCJune CH. Cytokine Storm. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(23):2255-73.
128. Templin C, Ghadri JR, Diekmann J, Napp LC, Bataiosu DR, Jaguszewski M, et al. Clinical Features and Outcomes of Takotsubo (Stress) Cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(10):929-38.
129. Murakami T, Yoshikawa T, Maekawa Y, Ueda T, Isogai T, Sakata K, et al. Gender Differences in Patients with Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: Multi-Center Registry from Tokyo CCU Network. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0136655.
130. Andreis A, Imazio M, Casula M, Avondo SBrucato A. Recurrent pericarditis: an update on diagnosis and management. Intern Emerg Med. 2021;16(3):551-58.
131. Adler Y, Charron P, Imazio M, Badano L, Baron-Esquivias G, Bogaert J, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Endorsed by: The European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2015;36(42):2921-64.
132. Imazio M, Brucato A, Lazaros G, Andreis A, Scarsi M, Klein A, et al. Anti-inflammatory therapies for pericardial diseases in the COVID-19 pandemic: safety and potentiality. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2020;21(9):625-29.
133. Shafi AMA, Shaikh SA, Shirke MM, Iddawela SHarky A. Cardiac manifestations in COVID-19 patients-A systematic review. J Card Surg. 2020;35(8):1988-2008.
134. Ghosh S, Panda P, Sharma YPHanda N. COVID-19 presenting as acute pericarditis. BMJ Case Reports CP. 2022;15(1):e243768.
135. Hu H, Ma F, Wei XFang Y. Coronavirus fulminant myocarditis treated with glucocorticoid and human immunoglobulin. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(2):206.
136. Zeng JH, Liu YX, Yuan J, Wang FX, Wu WB, Li JX, et al. First case of COVID-19 complicated with fulminant myocarditis: a case report and insights. Infection. 2020;48(5):773-77.
137. Fried JA, Ramasubbu K, Bhatt R, Topkara VK, Clerkin KJ, Horn E, et al. The Variety of Cardiovascular Presentations of COVID-19. Circulation. 2020;141(23):1930-36.
138. Tavazzi G, Pellegrini C, Maurelli M, Belliato M, Sciutti F, Bottazzi A, et al. Myocardial localization of coronavirus in COVID-19 cardiogenic shock. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(5):911-15.
139. Salamanca J, Díez-Villanueva P, Martínez P, Cecconi A, González de Marcos B, Reyes G, et al. COVID-19 “fulminant myocarditis” successfully treated with temporary mechanical circulatory support. Cardiovascular Imaging. 2020;13(11):2457-59.
140. Bernal-Torres W, Herrera-Escandon A, Hurtado-Rivera MPlata-Mosquera CA. COVID-19 fulminant myocarditis: a case report. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2020;4(FI1):1-6.
141. Richard I, Robinson B, Dawson A, Aya AAli R. An Atypical Presentation of Fulminant Myocarditis Secondary to COVID-19 Infection. Cureus. 2020;12(7):e9179.
142. Li SS, Cheng CW, Fu CL, Chan YH, Lee MP, Chan JW, et al. Left ventricular performance in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a 30-day echocardiographic follow-up study. Circulation. 2003;108(15):1798-803.
143. Peiris JS, Yuen KY, Osterhaus ADStöhr K. The severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(25):2431-41.
144. Farcas GA, Poutanen SM, Mazzulli T, Willey BM, Butany J, Asa SL, et al. Fatal severe acute respiratory syndrome is associated with multiorgan involvement by coronavirus. J Infect Dis. 2005;191(2):193-97.
145. Chen CY, Lee CH, Liu CY, Wang JH, Wang LMPerng RP. Clinical features and outcomes of severe acute respiratory syndrome and predictive factors for acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Chin Med Assoc. 2005;68(1):4-10.
146. Yin YWunderink RG. MERS, SARS and other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia. Respirology. 2018;23(2):130-37.
147. Hwang DM, Chamberlain DW, Poutanen SM, Low DE, Asa SLButany J. Pulmonary pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Toronto. Mod Pathol. 2005;18(1):1-10.
148. Cameron MJ, Ran L, Xu L, Danesh A, Bermejo-Martin JF, Cameron CM, et al. Interferon-mediated immunopathological events are associated with atypical innate and adaptive immune responses in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. J Virol. 2007;81(16):8692-706.
149. Haga S, Yamamoto N, Nakai-Murakami C, Osawa Y, Tokunaga K, Sata T, et al. Modulation of TNF-alpha-converting enzyme by the spike protein of SARS-CoV and ACE2 induces TNF-alpha production and facilitates viral entry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(22):7809-14.
150. Cameron MJ, Bermejo-Martin JF, Danesh A, Muller MPKelvin DJ. Human immunopathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Virus Res. 2008;133(1):13-9.
151. Oudit GY, Kassiri Z, Jiang C, Liu PP, Poutanen SM, Penninger JM, et al. SARS-coronavirus modulation of myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with SARS. Eur J Clin Invest. 2009;39(7):618-25.
152. Alhogbani T. Acute myocarditis associated with novel Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Ann Saudi Med. 2016;36(1):78-80.
153. Alsaad KO, Hajeer AH, Al Balwi M, Al Moaiqel M, Al Oudah N, Al Ajlan A, et al. Histopathology of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronovirus (MERS‐CoV) infection–clinicopathological and ultrastructural study. Histopathology. 2018;72(3):516-24.
154. Ng DL, Al Hosani F, Keating MK, Gerber SI, Jones TL, Metcalfe MG, et al. Clinicopathologic, Immunohistochemical, and Ultrastructural Findings of a Fatal Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in the United Arab Emirates, April 2014. Am J Pathol. 2016;186(3):652-8.
155. Agrawal AS, Garron T, Tao X, Peng B-H, Wakamiya M, Chan T-S, et al. Generation of a transgenic mouse model of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection and disease. J Virol. 2015;89(7):3659-70.
156. Madjid M, Aboshady I, Awan I, Litovsky SCasscells SW. Influenza and cardiovascular disease: is there a causal relationship? Texas Heart Institute Journal. 2004;31(1):4.
157. Harskamp REvan Ginkel MW. Acute respiratory tract infections: a potential trigger for the acute coronary syndrome. Ann Med. 2008;40(2):121-8.
158. Madjid M, Awan I, Ali M, Frazier LCasscells W. Influenza and atherosclerosis: vaccination for cardiovascular disease prevention. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2005;5(1):91-6.
159. Gurevich VS, Pleskov VMLevaya MV. Autoimmune nature of influenza atherogenicity. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1050(1):410-6.
160. Van Lenten BJ, Wagner AC, Nayak DP, Hama S, Navab MFogelman AM. High-density lipoprotein loses its anti-inflammatory properties during acute influenza a infection. Circulation. 2001;103(18):2283-8.
161. Van Lenten BJ, Wagner AC, Anantharamaiah G, Garber DW, Fishbein MC, Adhikary L, et al. Influenza infection promotes macrophage traffic into arteries of mice that is prevented by D-4F, an apolipoprotein AI mimetic peptide. Circulation. 2002;106(9):1127-32.
162. Smeeth L, Thomas SL, Hall AJ, Hubbard R, Farrington PVallance P. Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke after acute infection or vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(25):2611-8.
163. Clayton TC, Thompson MMeade TW. Recent respiratory infection and risk of cardiovascular disease: case-control study through a general practice database. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(1):96-103.
164. Madjid M, Naghavi M, Litovsky SCasscells SW. Influenza and cardiovascular disease: a new opportunity for prevention and the need for further studies. Circulation. 2003;108(22):2730-36.
165. Naghavi M, Wyde P, Litovsky S, Madjid M, Akhtar A, Naguib S, et al. Influenza infection exerts prominent inflammatory and thrombotic effects on the atherosclerotic plaques of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation. 2003;107(5):762-8.
166. Corrales-Medina VF, Suh KN, Rose G, Chirinos JA, Doucette S, Cameron DW, et al. Cardiac complications in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS Med. 2011;8(6):e1001048.
167. Warren-Gash C, Smeeth LHayward AC. Influenza as a trigger for acute myocardial infarction or death from cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9(10):601-10.
168. Ahanchian H, Moazzen N, Saeidinia A, Joghatayi SH, Khoshkhui M, Aelami MH, et al. Death Due to COVID-19 in an Infant with Combined Immunodeficiencies. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2021;21(9):1649-52.
169. Ahanchian H, Moazzen N, Sezavar M, Khalighi N, Khoshkhui M, Aelami MH, et al. COVID-19 in a child with primary antibody deficiency. Clin Case Rep. 2021;9(2):755-58.
170. Babaha FRezaei N. Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Predisposing or Protective Factor? Am J Med Sci. 2020;360(6):740-41.
171. Bahrami A, Vafapour M, Moazzami BRezaei N. Hyperinflammatory shock related to COVID-19 in a patient presenting with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: First case from Iran. J Paediatr Child Health. 2021;57(6):922-25.
172. Darbeheshti FRezaei N. Genetic predisposition models to COVID-19 infection. Med Hypotheses. 2020;142:109818.
173. Delavari S, Abolhassani H, Abolnezhadian F, Babaha F, Iranparast S, Ahanchian H, et al. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on Patients with Primary Immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol. 2021;41(2):345-55.
174. Khanmohammadi SRezaei N. Role of Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2021;93(5):2735-39.
175. Mohamed Khosroshahi LRezaei N. Dysregulation of the immune response in coronavirus disease 2019. Cell Biol Int. 2021;45(4):702-07.
176. Mansourabadi AH, Sadeghalvad M, Mohammadi-Motlagh HRRezaei N. The immune system as a target for therapy of SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review of the current immunotherapies for COVID-19. Life Sci. 2020;258:118185.
177. Mojtabavi H, Saghazadeh ARezaei N. Interleukin-6 and severe COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2020;31(2):44-49.
178. Moradian N, Gouravani M, Salehi MA, Heidari A, Shafeghat M, Hamblin MR, et al. Cytokine release syndrome: inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines as a solution for reducing COVID-19 mortality. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2020;31(3):81-93.
179. Nasab MG, Saghazadeh ARezaei N. SARS-CoV-2-A Tough Opponent for the Immune System. Arch Med Res. 2020;51(6):589-92.
180. Pashaei MRezaei N. Immunotherapy for SARS-CoV-2: potential opportunities. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2020;20(10):1111-16.
181. Pezeshki PSRezaei N. Immune checkpoint inhibition in COVID-19: risks and benefits. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2021;21(9):1173-79.
182. Rabiee N, Rabiee M, Bagherzadeh MRezaei N. COVID-19 and picotechnology: Potential opportunities. Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:109917.
183. Rokni M, Hamblin MRRezaei N. Cytokines and COVID-19: friends or foes? Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2020;16(10):2363-65.
184. Saghazadeh ARezaei N. Immune-epidemiological parameters of the novel coronavirus - a perspective. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2020;16(5):465-70.
185. Lotfi MRezaei N. SARS-CoV-2: A comprehensive review from pathogenicity of the virus to clinical consequences. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):1864-74.
186. Razavi A, Hamblin MRRezaei N. COVID-19 in patients with cancer: Risks and precautions. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;48:357-60.
187. Torabi-Rahvar MRezaei N. Storm at the Time of Corona: A Glimpse at the Current Understanding and Therapeutic Opportunities of the SARS-CoV-2 Cytokine Storm. Curr Pharm Des. 2021;27(13):1549-52.
188. Yazdanpanah F, Hamblin MRRezaei N. The immune system and COVID-19: Friend or foe? Life Sci. 2020;256:117900.
189. Zarandi PK, Zinatizadeh MR, Zinatizadeh M, Yousefi MHRezaei N. SARS-CoV-2: From the pathogenesis to potential anti-viral treatments. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;137:111352.
190. Yousefzadegan SRezaei N. Case Report: Death due to COVID-19 in Three Brothers. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;102(6):1203-04.
191. Seyedpour S, Khodaei B, Loghman AH, Seyedpour N, Kisomi MF, Balibegloo M, et al. Targeted therapy strategies against SARS-CoV-2 cell entry mechanisms: A systematic review of in vitro and in vivo studies. J Cell Physiol. 2021;236(4):2364-92.
192. Sahu KK, Siddiqui AD, Rezaei NCerny J. Challenges for management of immune thrombocytopenia during COVID-19 pandemic. J Med Virol. 2020;92(11):2277-82.
193. Sadeghmousavi SRezaei N. COVID-19 and Multiple Sclerosis: Predisposition and Precautions in Treatment. SN Compr Clin Med. 2020:1-6.
194. Sadeghmousavi SRezaei N. COVID-19 infection and stroke risk. Rev Neurosci. 2021;32(3):341-49.
195. Szretter KJ, Gangappa S, Lu X, Smith C, Shieh WJ, Zaki SR, et al. Role of host cytokine responses in the pathogenesis of avian H5N1 influenza viruses in mice. J Virol. 2007;81(6):2736-44.
196. Wellehan JCortes-Hinojosa G. Marine Mammal Viruses. Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy, Volume 9. 2019:597-602.
197. Basiri A, Heidari A, Nadi MF, Fallahy MTP, Nezamabadi SS, Sedighi M, et al. Microfluidic devices for detection of RNA viruses. Rev Med Virol. 2021;31(1):1-11.
198. Tantuoyir MMRezaei N. Serological tests for COVID-19: Potential opportunities. Cell Biol Int. 2021;45(4):740-48.
199. Hassan SS, Ghosh S, Attrish D, Choudhury PP, Aljabali AAA, Uhal BD, et al. Possible Transmission Flow of SARS-CoV-2 Based on ACE2 Features. Molecules. 2020;25(24).
200. Samieefar N, Yari Boroujeni R, Jamee M, Lotfi M, Golabchi MR, Afshar A, et al. Country Quarantine During COVID-19: Critical or Not? Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2021;15(4):e24-e25.
201. Mohamed K, Rezaei N, Rodriguez-Roman E, Rahmani F, Zhang H, Ivanovska M, et al. International Efforts to Save Healthcare Personnel during COVID-19. Acta Biomed. 2020;91(3):e2020044.
202. Mohamed K, Rodriguez-Roman E, Rahmani F, Zhang H, Ivanovska M, Makka SA, et al. Borderless collaboration is needed for COVID-19-A disease that knows no borders. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(10):1245-46.
203. Momtazmanesh S, Ochs HD, Uddin LQ, Perc M, Routes JM, Vieira DN, et al. All together to Fight COVID-19. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;102(6):1181-83.
204. Moradian N, Ochs HD, Sedikies C, Hamblin MR, Camargo CA, Jr., Martinez JA, et al. The urgent need for integrated science to fight COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. J Transl Med. 2020;18(1):205.
205. Moazzami B, Razavi-Khorasani N, Dooghaie Moghadam A, Farokhi ERezaei N. COVID-19 and telemedicine: Immediate action required for maintaining healthcare providers well-being. J Clin Virol. 2020;126:104345.
206. Mohamed KRezaei N. COVID-19 pandemic is not the time of trial and error. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;46:774-75.
207. Nejadghaderi SA, Saghazadeh ARezaei N. Health Care Policies and COVID-19 Prevalence: Is There Any Association? Int J Health Serv. 2022;52(1):9-22.
208. Rezaei N. COVID-19 affects healthy pediatricians more than pediatric patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(9):1106-07.
209. Rzymski P, Nowicki M, Mullin GE, Abraham A, Rodriguez-Roman E, Petzold MB, et al. Quantity does not equal quality: Scientific principles cannot be sacrificed. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;86:106711.
210. Salehi M, Amanat M, Mohammadi M, Salmanian M, Rezaei N, Saghazadeh A, et al. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder related symptoms in Coronavirus outbreaks: A systematic-review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2021;282:527-38.
2. Lundstrom K, Seyran M, Pizzol D, Adadi P, Mohamed Abd El-Aziz T, Hassan SS, et al. Viewpoint: Origin of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses. 2020;12(11).
3. Seyran M, Pizzol D, Adadi P, El-Aziz TMA, Hassan SS, Soares A, et al. Questions concerning the proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol. 2021;93(3):1204-06.
4. Sharifkashani S, Bafrani MA, Khaboushan AS, Pirzadeh M, Kheirandish A, Yavarpour Bali H, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and SARS-CoV-2: Potential therapeutic targeting. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020;884:173455.
5. Seyran M, Takayama K, Uversky VN, Lundstrom K, Palu G, Sherchan SP, et al. The structural basis of accelerated host cell entry by SARS-CoV-2dagger. FEBS J. 2021;288(17):5010-20.
6. Jabbari P, Jabbari F, Ebrahimi SRezaei N. COVID-19: A Chimera of Two Pandemics. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2020;14(3):e38-e39.
7. Hanaei SRezaei N. COVID-19: Developing from an Outbreak to A Pandemic. Arch Med Res. 2020;51(6):582-84.
8. Hanaei S, Takian A, Majdzadeh R, Maboloc CR, Grossmann I, Gomes O, et al. Emerging Standards and the Hybrid Model for Organizing Scientific Events During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2022;16(3):1172-77.
9. Jabbari PRezaei N. With Risk of Reinfection, Is COVID-19 Here to Stay? Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2020;14(4):e33.
10. Jabbari P, Taraghikhah N, Jabbari F, Ebrahimi SRezaei N. Adherence of the General Public to Self-Protection Guidelines During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2022;16(3):871-74.
11. Kafieh R, Arian R, Saeedizadeh N, Amini Z, Serej ND, Minaee S, et al. COVID-19 in Iran: Forecasting Pandemic Using Deep Learning. Comput Math Methods Med. 2021;2021:6927985.
12. Hessami A, Shamshirian A, Heydari K, Pourali F, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Moosazadeh M, et al. Cardiovascular diseases burden in COVID-19: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;46:382-91.
13. Jahanshahlu LRezaei N. Central Nervous System Involvement in COVID-19. Arch Med Res. 2020;51(7):721-22.
14. Nejadghaderi SA, Heidari A, Shakerian N, Saghazadeh ARezaei N. Cardiovascular system is at higher risk of affecting by COVID-19. Acta Biomed. 2020;91(3):e2020018.
15. Sarzaeim MRezaei N. Kawasaki Disease and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children with COVID-19. SN Compr Clin Med. 2020;2(11):2096-101.
16. Yazdanpanah N, Saghazadeh ARezaei N. Anosmia: a missing link in the neuroimmunology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Rev Neurosci. 2020;31(7):691-701.
17. Goudarzi S, Dehghani Firouzabadi F, Dehghani Firouzabadi MRezaei N. Cutaneous lesions and COVID-19: Cystic painful lesion in a case with positive SARS-CoV-2. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(6):e14266.
18. Jabalameli N, Rajabi F, Firooz ARezaei N. The Overlap between Genetic Susceptibility to COVID-19 and Skin Diseases. Immunol Invest. 2022;51(4):1087-94.
19. Heidarpour M, Vakhshoori M, Abbasi S, Shafie DRezaei N. Adrenal insufficiency in coronavirus disease 2019: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2020;14(1):134.
20. Torabi S, Bahreini FRezaei N. The role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in COVID-19 induced lung injury. Acta Biomed. 2020;91(4):e2020142.
21. Aleebrahim-Dehkordi E, Soveyzi F, Deravi N, Rabbani Z, Saghazadeh ARezaei N. Human Coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 in Children. J Pediatr Nurs. 2021;56:70-79.
22. Shakerian N, Mofateh R, Saghazadeh A, Rezaei NRezaei N. Potential Prophylactic and Therapeutic Effects of Respiratory Physiotherapy for COVID-19. Acta Biomed. 2020;92(1):e2021020.
23. Vakhshoori M, Heidarpour M, Shafie D, Taheri M, Rezaei NSarrafzadegan N. Acute Cardiac Injury in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Arch Iran Med. 2020;23(11):801-12.
24. Safdarian AR, Momenzadeh K, Kahe F, Farhangnia PRezaei N. Death due to COVID-19 in a patient with diabetes, epilepsy, and gout comorbidities. Clin Case Rep. 2021;9(1):461-64.
25. Basiri A, Pazhouhnia Z, Beheshtizadeh N, Hoseinpour M, Saghazadeh ARezaei N. Regenerative Medicine in COVID-19 Treatment: Real Opportunities and Range of Promises. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2021;17(1):163-75.
26. Fathi NRezaei N. Lymphopenia in COVID-19: Therapeutic opportunities. Cell Biol Int. 2020;44(9):1792-97.
27. Jahanshahlu LRezaei N. Monoclonal antibody as a potential anti-COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;129:110337.
28. Jiang F, Yang J, Zhang Y, Dong M, Wang S, Zhang Q, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin 1-7: novel therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2014;11(7):413-26.
29. Lotfi M, Hamblin MRRezaei N. COVID-19: Transmission, prevention, and potential therapeutic opportunities. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;508:254-66.
30. Lotfi MRezaei N. CRISPR/Cas13: A potential therapeutic option of COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;131:110738.
31. Mohamed K, Yazdanpanah N, Saghazadeh ARezaei N. Computational drug discovery and repurposing for the treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review. Bioorg Chem. 2021;106:104490.
32. Palit P, Chattopadhyay D, Thomas S, Kundu A, Kim HSRezaei N. Phytopharmaceuticals mediated Furin and TMPRSS2 receptor blocking: can it be a potential therapeutic option for Covid-19? Phytomedicine. 2021;85:153396.
33. Pourahmad R, Moazzami BRezaei N. Efficacy of Plasmapheresis and Immunoglobulin Replacement Therapy (IVIG) on Patients with COVID-19. SN Compr Clin Med. 2020;2(9):1407-11.
34. Saghazadeh ARezaei N. Towards treatment planning of COVID-19: Rationale and hypothesis for the use of multiple immunosuppressive agents: Anti-antibodies, immunoglobulins, and corticosteroids. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;84:106560.
35. Peymani P, Dehesh T, Aligolighasemabadi F, Sadeghdoust M, Kotfis K, Ahmadi M, et al. Statins in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study in Iranian COVID-19 patients. Transl Med Commun. 2021;6(1):3.
36. Rezaei N. COVID-19 and Medical Biotechnology. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol. 2020;12(3):139.
37. Shojaeefar E, Malih NRezaei N. The possible double-edged sword effects of vitamin D on COVID-19: A hypothesis. Cell Biol Int. 2021;45(1):54-57.
38. Yazdanpanah N, Saghazadeh ARezaei N. Anosmia: a missing link in the neuroimmunology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Reviews in the Neurosciences. 2020;1(ahead-of-print).
39. Sadeghmousavi SRezaei N. COVID-19 and Multiple Sclerosis: Predisposition and Precautions in Treatment. SN Compr Clin Med. 2020;2(10):1802-07.
40. Saleki K, Banazadeh M, Saghazadeh ARezaei N. The involvement of the central nervous system in patients with COVID-19. Rev Neurosci. 2020;31(4):453-56.
41. Nejadghaderi SA, Heidari A, Shakerian N, Saghazadeh ARezaei N. Cardiovascular system is at higher risk of affecting by COVID-19. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis. 2020;91(3):e2020018.
42. Jenab Y, Rezaei N, Hedayat B, Naderian M, Shirani SHosseini K. Occurrence of acute coronary syndrome, pulmonary thromboembolism, and cerebrovascular event in COVID-19. Clin Case Rep. 2020;8(12):2414-17.
43. Heidarpour M, Vakhshoori M, Abbasi S, Shafie DRezaei N. Adrenal insufficiency in coronavirus disease 2019: a case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports. 2020;14(1):1-4.
44. Jahanshahlu LRezaei N. Central nervous system involvement in COVID-19. Archives of medical research. 2020;51(7):721-22.
45. Sidhu RS, Sharma A, Paterson IDBainey KR. Influenza H1N1 Infection Leading To Cardiac Tamponade in a Previously Healthy Patient: A Case Report. Res Cardiovasc Med. 2016;5(3):e31546.
46. Pyrc K, Berkhout Bvan der Hoek L. Identification of new human coronaviruses. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2007;5(2):245-53.
47. Yeager CL, Ashmun RA, Williams RK, Cardellichio CB, Shapiro LH, Look AT, et al. Human aminopeptidase N is a receptor for human coronavirus 229E. Nature. 1992;357(6377):420-22.
48. Sloots TP, McErlean P, Speicher DJ, Arden KE, Nissen MDMackay IM. Evidence of human coronavirus HKU1 and human bocavirus in Australian children. J Clin Virol. 2006;35(1):99-102.
49. Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus ADFouchier RA. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(19):1814-20.
50. Kuiken T, Fouchier RA, Schutten M, Rimmelzwaan GF, Van Amerongen G, Van Riel D, et al. Newly discovered coronavirus as the primary cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. The Lancet. 2003;362(9380):263-70.
51. Yu CM, Wong RS, Wu EB, Kong SL, Wong J, Yip GW, et al. Cardiovascular complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Postgrad Med J. 2006;82(964):140-4.
52. Chong PY, Chui P, Ling AE, Franks TJ, Tai DY, Leo YS, et al. Analysis of deaths during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in Singapore: challenges in determining a SARS diagnosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2004;128(2):195-204.
53. Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4):420-22.
54. Lai CC, Shih TP, Ko WC, Tang HJHsueh PR. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(3):105924.
55. Cheng H, Wang YWang GQ. Organ-protective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and its effect on the prognosis of COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2020;92(7):726-30.
56. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061-69.
57. Maclachlan NJDubovi EJ. Fenner's veterinary virology: Academic press; 2010.
58. Fu X, Zhou Y, Wu J, Liu X, Ding C, Huang C, et al. A severe seasonal influenza epidemic during 2017–2018 in China after the 2009 pandemic influenza: A modeling study. Infectious Microbes & Diseases. 2019;1(1):20-26.
59. Parhizkar Roudsari P, Alavi-Moghadam S, Payab M, Sayahpour FA, Aghayan HR, Goodarzi P, et al. Auxiliary role of mesenchymal stem cells as regenerative medicine soldiers to attenuate inflammatory processes of severe acute respiratory infections caused by COVID-19. Cell Tissue Bank. 2020;21(3):405-25.
60. Kir D, Mohan CSancassani R. Heart Brake: An Unusual Cardiac Manifestation of COVID-19. JACC Case Rep. 2020;2(9):1252-55.
61. Peigh G, Leya MV, Baman JR, Cantey EP, Knight BPFlaherty JD. Novel coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) associated sinus node dysfunction: a case series. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2020;4(FI1):1-6.
62. Goyal P, Choi JJ, Pinheiro LC, Schenck EJ, Chen R, Jabri A, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Covid-19 in New York City. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(24):2372-74.
63. Colon CM, Barrios JG, Chiles JW, McElwee SK, Russell DW, Maddox WR, et al. Atrial Arrhythmias in COVID-19 Patients. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2020;6(9):1189-90.
64. Gopinathannair R, Merchant FM, Lakkireddy DR, Etheridge SP, Feigofsky S, Han JK, et al. COVID-19 and cardiac arrhythmias: a global perspective on arrhythmia characteristics and management strategies. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2020;59(2):329-36.
65. Russo V, Rago A, Carbone A, Bottino R, Ammendola E, Della Cioppa N, et al. Atrial Fibrillation in COVID-19: From Epidemiological Association to Pharmacological Implications. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2020;76(2):138-45.
66. Seecheran R, Narayansingh R, Giddings S, Rampaul M, Furlonge K, Abdool K, et al. Atrial Arrhythmias in a Patient Presenting With Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) Infection. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 2020;8:2324709620925571.
67. Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, Wu X, Zhang L, He T, et al. Cardiovascular Implications of Fatal Outcomes of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(7):811-18.
68. Chorin E, Wadhwani L, Magnani S, Dai M, Shulman E, Nadeau-Routhier C, et al. QT interval prolongation and torsade de pointes in patients with COVID-19 treated with hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin. Heart Rhythm. 2020;17(9):1425-33.
69. Saleh M, Gabriels J, Chang D, Soo Kim B, Mansoor A, Mahmood E, et al. Effect of Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, and Azithromycin on the Corrected QT Interval in Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2020;13(6):e008662.
70. Mercuro NJ, Yen CF, Shim DJ, Maher TR, McCoy CM, Zimetbaum PJ, et al. Risk of QT interval prolongation associated with use of hydroxychloroquine with or without concomitant azithromycin among hospitalized patients testing positive for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA cardiology. 2020;5(9):1036-41.
71. Chorin E, Dai M, Shulman E, Wadhwani L, Bar-Cohen R, Barbhaiya C, et al. The QT interval in patients with COVID-19 treated with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin. Nature medicine. 2020;26(6):808-09.
72. Berman JP, Abrams MP, Kushnir A, Rubin GA, Ehlert F, Biviano A, et al. Cardiac electrophysiology consultative experience at the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2020;20(6):250-56.
73. Shao F, Xu S, Ma X, Xu Z, Lyu J, Ng M, et al. In-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes among patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Resuscitation. 2020;151:18-23.
74. Musikantow DR, Turagam MK, Sartori S, Chu E, Kawamura I, Shivamurthy P, et al. Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19: Incidence, Predictors, Outcomes, and Comparison to Influenza. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2021;7(9):1120-30.
75. Ip RJ, Ali A, Baloch ZQ, Al-Abcha A, Jacob C, Arnautovic J, et al. Atrial fibrillation as a predictor of mortality in high risk COVID-19 patients: a multicentre study of 171 patients. Heart, Lung and Circulation. 2021;30(8):1151-56.
76. Mountantonakis SE, Saleh M, Fishbein J, Gandomi A, Lesser M, Chelico J, et al. Atrial fibrillation is an independent predictor for in-hospital mortality in patients admitted with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Heart Rhythm. 2021;18(4):501-07.
77. Yarmohammadi H, Morrow JP, Dizon J, Biviano A, Ehlert F, Saluja D, et al. Frequency of Atrial Arrhythmia in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19. Am J Cardiol. 2021;147:52-57.
78. Coromilas EJ, Kochav S, Goldenthal I, Biviano A, Garan H, Goldbarg S, et al. Worldwide Survey of COVID-19-Associated Arrhythmias. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2021;14(3):e009458.
79. Siripanthong B, Nazarian S, Muser D, Deo R, Santangeli P, Khanji MY, et al. Recognizing COVID-19-related myocarditis: The possible pathophysiology and proposed guideline for diagnosis and management. Heart Rhythm. 2020;17(9):1463-71.
80. Sagar S, Liu PPCooper LT, Jr. Myocarditis. Lancet. 2012;379(9817):738-47.
81. Gupta MD, Qamar A, Mp G, Safal S, Batra V, Basia D, et al. Bradyarrhythmias in patients with COVID-19: A case series. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2020;20(5):211-12.
82. Shouman K, Vanichkachorn G, Cheshire WP, Suarez MD, Shelly S, Lamotte GJ, et al. Autonomic dysfunction following COVID-19 infection: an early experience. Clin Auton Res. 2021;31(3):385-94.
83. Johansson M, Ståhlberg M, Runold M, Nygren-Bonnier M, Nilsson J, Olshansky B, et al. Long-haul post–COVID-19 symptoms presenting as a variant of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: the Swedish experience. Case Reports. 2021;3(4):573-80.
84. Agarwal AK, Garg R, Ritch ASarkar P. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Postgrad Med J. 2007;83(981):478-80.
85. Doyen D, Moceri P, Ducreux DDellamonica J. Myocarditis in a patient with COVID-19: a cause of raised troponin and ECG changes. Lancet. 2020;395(10235):1516.
86. Zeng J. H, Liu Y‐X, Yuan J, et al. First case of COVID‐19 complicated with fulminant myocarditis: a case report and insights Infection. 2020;48(5):773-77.
87. Inciardi RM, Lupi L, Zaccone G, Italia L, Raffo M, Tomasoni D, et al. Cardiac Involvement in a Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(7):819-24.
88. Kim IC, Kim JY, Kim HAHan S. COVID-19-related myocarditis in a 21-year-old female patient. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(19):1859.
89. Sala S, Peretto G, Gramegna M, Palmisano A, Villatore A, Vignale D, et al. Acute myocarditis presenting as a reverse Tako-Tsubo syndrome in a patient with SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infection. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(19):1861-62.
90. Paul JF, Charles P, Richaud C, Caussin CDiakov C. Myocarditis revealing COVID-19 infection in a young patient. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;21(7):776.
91. Trogen B, Gonzalez FJShust GF. COVID-19-Associated Myocarditis in an Adolescent. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020;39(8):e204-e05.
92. Irabien-Ortiz Á, Carreras-Mora J, Sionis A, Pàmies J, Montiel JTauron M. Fulminant myocarditis due to COVID-19. Revista espanola de cardiologia (English Ed). 2020;73(6):503.
93. Yokoo P, Fonseca EKUN, Sasdelli Neto R, Ishikawa WY, Silva MMA, Yanata E, et al. Miocardite na COVID-19: um relato de caso. Einstein (São Paulo). 2020;18.
94. Bois MC, Boire NA, Layman AJ, Aubry MC, Alexander MP, Roden AC, et al. COVID-19-Associated Nonocclusive Fibrin Microthrombi in the Heart. Circulation. 2021;143(3):230-43.
95. Falasca L, Nardacci R, Colombo D, Lalle E, Di Caro A, Nicastri E, et al. Postmortem findings in Italian patients with COVID-19: a descriptive full autopsy study of cases with and without comorbidities. J Infect Dis. 2020;222(11):1807-15.
96. Basso C, Leone O, Rizzo S, De Gaspari M, van der Wal AC, Aubry MC, et al. Pathological features of COVID-19-associated myocardial injury: a multicentre cardiovascular pathology study. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(39):3827-35.
97. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
98. Kesici S, Aykan HH, Orhan DBayrakci B. Fulminant COVID-19-related myocarditis in an infant. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(31):3021.
99. Nicol M, Cacoub L, Baudet M, Nahmani Y, Cacoub P, Cohen-Solal A, et al. Delayed acute myocarditis and COVID-19-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome. ESC Heart Fail. 2020;7(6):4371-76.
100. Spano G, Fischer K, Maillat C, Vicario G, Huber ATGräni C. Delayed isolated peri-myocarditis in a Covid-19 patient with respiratory symptoms but without lung involvement. Int J Cardiovasc. 2020;36(11):2279-80.
101. Bajaj R, Sinclair HC, Patel K, Low B, Pericao A, Manisty C, et al. Delayed-onset myocarditis following COVID-19. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9(4):e32-e34.
102. Dennis A, Wamil M, Alberts J, Oben J, Cuthbertson DJ, Wootton D, et al. Multiorgan impairment in low-risk individuals with post-COVID-19 syndrome: a prospective, community-based study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(3):e048391.
103. Rehman M, Gondal ARehman NU. Atypical Manifestation of COVID-19-Induced Myocarditis. Cureus. 2020;12(6):e8685.
104. Phelan D, Kim JH, Elliott MD, Wasfy MM, Cremer P, Johri AM, et al. Screening of Potential Cardiac Involvement in Competitive Athletes Recovering From COVID-19: An Expert Consensus Statement. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13(12):2635-52.
105. Ng M-Y, Ferreira VM, Leung ST, Yin Lee JC, Ho-Tung Fong A, To Liu RW, et al. Patients recovered from COVID-19 show ongoing subclinical myocarditis as revealed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiovascular Imaging. 2020;13(11):2476-78.
106. Kim JH, Levine BD, Phelan D, Emery MS, Martinez MW, Chung EH, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 and the Athletic Heart: Emerging Perspectives on Pathology, Risks, and Return to Play. JAMA Cardiol. 2021;6(2):219-27.
107. Huang L, Zhao P, Tang D, Zhu T, Han R, Zhan C, et al. Cardiac Involvement in Patients Recovered From COVID-2019 Identified Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13(11):2330-39.
108. Jagia P, Ojha V, Naik NSharma S. Myocardial fibrosis detected by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in absence of myocardial oedema in a patient recovered from COVID-19. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(12):e240193.
109. Grosse C, Grosse A, Salzer HJF, Dunser MW, Motz RLanger R. Analysis of cardiopulmonary findings in COVID-19 fatalities: High incidence of pulmonary artery thrombi and acute suppurative bronchopneumonia. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2020;49:107263.
110. Tian S, Xiong Y, Liu H, Niu L, Guo J, Liao M, et al. Pathological study of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) through postmortem core biopsies. Modern Pathology. 2020;33(6):1007-14.
111. Siddiqi HK, Libby PRidker PM. COVID-19 - A vascular disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2021;31(1):1-5.
112. Libby PLüscher T. COVID-19 is, in the end, an endothelial disease. European heart journal. 2020;41(32):3038-44.
113. Varga Z, Flammer AJ, Steiger P, Haberecker M, Andermatt R, Zinkernagel AS, et al. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;395(10234):1417-18.
114. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. cell. 2020;181(2):271-80. e8.
115. Teuwen L-A, Geldhof V, Pasut ACarmeliet P. COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed. Nat Rev Immunol 2020;20(7):389-91.
116. Tang N, Li D, Wang XSun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844-47.
117. Connors JMLevy JH. COVID-19 and its implications for thrombosis and anticoagulation. Blood. 2020;135(23):2033-40.
118. Klok F, Kruip M, Van der Meer N, Arbous M, Gommers D, Kant K, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thrombosis research. 2020;191:145-47.
119. Zhang Y, Xiao M, Zhang S, Xia P, Cao W, Jiang W, et al. Coagulopathy and Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(17):e38.
120. Bowles L, Platton S, Yartey N, Dave M, Lee K, Hart DP, et al. Lupus Anticoagulant and Abnormal Coagulation Tests in Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(3):288-90.
121. Iba T, Levy JH, Warkentin TE, Thachil J, van der Poll T, Levi M, et al. Diagnosis and management of sepsis-induced coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation. J Thromb Haemost. 2019;17(11):1989-94.
122. Lippi G, Plebani MHenry BM. Thrombocytopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: a meta-analysis. Clinica chimica acta. 2020;506:145-48.
123. Liang W, Liang H, Ou L, Chen B, Chen A, Li C, et al. Development and Validation of a Clinical Risk Score to Predict the Occurrence of Critical Illness in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(8):1081-89.
124. Redfors B, Vedad R, Angerås O, Råmunddal T, Petursson P, Haraldsson I, et al. Mortality in takotsubo syndrome is similar to mortality in myocardial infarction—a report from the SWEDEHEART registry. Int J Cardiol. 2015;185:282-89.
125. Akashi YJ, Nakazawa K, Sakakibara M, Miyake F, Musha HSasaka K. 123I-MIBG myocardial scintigraphy in patients with "takotsubo" cardiomyopathy. J Nucl Med. 2004;45(7):1121-7.
126. Kume T, Akasaka T, Kawamoto T, Yoshitani H, Watanabe N, Neishi Y, et al. Assessment of coronary microcirculation in patients with takotsubo-like left ventricular dysfunction. Circ J. 2005;69(8):934-9.
127. Fajgenbaum DCJune CH. Cytokine Storm. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(23):2255-73.
128. Templin C, Ghadri JR, Diekmann J, Napp LC, Bataiosu DR, Jaguszewski M, et al. Clinical Features and Outcomes of Takotsubo (Stress) Cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(10):929-38.
129. Murakami T, Yoshikawa T, Maekawa Y, Ueda T, Isogai T, Sakata K, et al. Gender Differences in Patients with Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: Multi-Center Registry from Tokyo CCU Network. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0136655.
130. Andreis A, Imazio M, Casula M, Avondo SBrucato A. Recurrent pericarditis: an update on diagnosis and management. Intern Emerg Med. 2021;16(3):551-58.
131. Adler Y, Charron P, Imazio M, Badano L, Baron-Esquivias G, Bogaert J, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Endorsed by: The European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2015;36(42):2921-64.
132. Imazio M, Brucato A, Lazaros G, Andreis A, Scarsi M, Klein A, et al. Anti-inflammatory therapies for pericardial diseases in the COVID-19 pandemic: safety and potentiality. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2020;21(9):625-29.
133. Shafi AMA, Shaikh SA, Shirke MM, Iddawela SHarky A. Cardiac manifestations in COVID-19 patients-A systematic review. J Card Surg. 2020;35(8):1988-2008.
134. Ghosh S, Panda P, Sharma YPHanda N. COVID-19 presenting as acute pericarditis. BMJ Case Reports CP. 2022;15(1):e243768.
135. Hu H, Ma F, Wei XFang Y. Coronavirus fulminant myocarditis treated with glucocorticoid and human immunoglobulin. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(2):206.
136. Zeng JH, Liu YX, Yuan J, Wang FX, Wu WB, Li JX, et al. First case of COVID-19 complicated with fulminant myocarditis: a case report and insights. Infection. 2020;48(5):773-77.
137. Fried JA, Ramasubbu K, Bhatt R, Topkara VK, Clerkin KJ, Horn E, et al. The Variety of Cardiovascular Presentations of COVID-19. Circulation. 2020;141(23):1930-36.
138. Tavazzi G, Pellegrini C, Maurelli M, Belliato M, Sciutti F, Bottazzi A, et al. Myocardial localization of coronavirus in COVID-19 cardiogenic shock. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(5):911-15.
139. Salamanca J, Díez-Villanueva P, Martínez P, Cecconi A, González de Marcos B, Reyes G, et al. COVID-19 “fulminant myocarditis” successfully treated with temporary mechanical circulatory support. Cardiovascular Imaging. 2020;13(11):2457-59.
140. Bernal-Torres W, Herrera-Escandon A, Hurtado-Rivera MPlata-Mosquera CA. COVID-19 fulminant myocarditis: a case report. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2020;4(FI1):1-6.
141. Richard I, Robinson B, Dawson A, Aya AAli R. An Atypical Presentation of Fulminant Myocarditis Secondary to COVID-19 Infection. Cureus. 2020;12(7):e9179.
142. Li SS, Cheng CW, Fu CL, Chan YH, Lee MP, Chan JW, et al. Left ventricular performance in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a 30-day echocardiographic follow-up study. Circulation. 2003;108(15):1798-803.
143. Peiris JS, Yuen KY, Osterhaus ADStöhr K. The severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(25):2431-41.
144. Farcas GA, Poutanen SM, Mazzulli T, Willey BM, Butany J, Asa SL, et al. Fatal severe acute respiratory syndrome is associated with multiorgan involvement by coronavirus. J Infect Dis. 2005;191(2):193-97.
145. Chen CY, Lee CH, Liu CY, Wang JH, Wang LMPerng RP. Clinical features and outcomes of severe acute respiratory syndrome and predictive factors for acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Chin Med Assoc. 2005;68(1):4-10.
146. Yin YWunderink RG. MERS, SARS and other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia. Respirology. 2018;23(2):130-37.
147. Hwang DM, Chamberlain DW, Poutanen SM, Low DE, Asa SLButany J. Pulmonary pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Toronto. Mod Pathol. 2005;18(1):1-10.
148. Cameron MJ, Ran L, Xu L, Danesh A, Bermejo-Martin JF, Cameron CM, et al. Interferon-mediated immunopathological events are associated with atypical innate and adaptive immune responses in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. J Virol. 2007;81(16):8692-706.
149. Haga S, Yamamoto N, Nakai-Murakami C, Osawa Y, Tokunaga K, Sata T, et al. Modulation of TNF-alpha-converting enzyme by the spike protein of SARS-CoV and ACE2 induces TNF-alpha production and facilitates viral entry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(22):7809-14.
150. Cameron MJ, Bermejo-Martin JF, Danesh A, Muller MPKelvin DJ. Human immunopathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Virus Res. 2008;133(1):13-9.
151. Oudit GY, Kassiri Z, Jiang C, Liu PP, Poutanen SM, Penninger JM, et al. SARS-coronavirus modulation of myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with SARS. Eur J Clin Invest. 2009;39(7):618-25.
152. Alhogbani T. Acute myocarditis associated with novel Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Ann Saudi Med. 2016;36(1):78-80.
153. Alsaad KO, Hajeer AH, Al Balwi M, Al Moaiqel M, Al Oudah N, Al Ajlan A, et al. Histopathology of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronovirus (MERS‐CoV) infection–clinicopathological and ultrastructural study. Histopathology. 2018;72(3):516-24.
154. Ng DL, Al Hosani F, Keating MK, Gerber SI, Jones TL, Metcalfe MG, et al. Clinicopathologic, Immunohistochemical, and Ultrastructural Findings of a Fatal Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in the United Arab Emirates, April 2014. Am J Pathol. 2016;186(3):652-8.
155. Agrawal AS, Garron T, Tao X, Peng B-H, Wakamiya M, Chan T-S, et al. Generation of a transgenic mouse model of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection and disease. J Virol. 2015;89(7):3659-70.
156. Madjid M, Aboshady I, Awan I, Litovsky SCasscells SW. Influenza and cardiovascular disease: is there a causal relationship? Texas Heart Institute Journal. 2004;31(1):4.
157. Harskamp REvan Ginkel MW. Acute respiratory tract infections: a potential trigger for the acute coronary syndrome. Ann Med. 2008;40(2):121-8.
158. Madjid M, Awan I, Ali M, Frazier LCasscells W. Influenza and atherosclerosis: vaccination for cardiovascular disease prevention. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2005;5(1):91-6.
159. Gurevich VS, Pleskov VMLevaya MV. Autoimmune nature of influenza atherogenicity. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1050(1):410-6.
160. Van Lenten BJ, Wagner AC, Nayak DP, Hama S, Navab MFogelman AM. High-density lipoprotein loses its anti-inflammatory properties during acute influenza a infection. Circulation. 2001;103(18):2283-8.
161. Van Lenten BJ, Wagner AC, Anantharamaiah G, Garber DW, Fishbein MC, Adhikary L, et al. Influenza infection promotes macrophage traffic into arteries of mice that is prevented by D-4F, an apolipoprotein AI mimetic peptide. Circulation. 2002;106(9):1127-32.
162. Smeeth L, Thomas SL, Hall AJ, Hubbard R, Farrington PVallance P. Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke after acute infection or vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(25):2611-8.
163. Clayton TC, Thompson MMeade TW. Recent respiratory infection and risk of cardiovascular disease: case-control study through a general practice database. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(1):96-103.
164. Madjid M, Naghavi M, Litovsky SCasscells SW. Influenza and cardiovascular disease: a new opportunity for prevention and the need for further studies. Circulation. 2003;108(22):2730-36.
165. Naghavi M, Wyde P, Litovsky S, Madjid M, Akhtar A, Naguib S, et al. Influenza infection exerts prominent inflammatory and thrombotic effects on the atherosclerotic plaques of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation. 2003;107(5):762-8.
166. Corrales-Medina VF, Suh KN, Rose G, Chirinos JA, Doucette S, Cameron DW, et al. Cardiac complications in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS Med. 2011;8(6):e1001048.
167. Warren-Gash C, Smeeth LHayward AC. Influenza as a trigger for acute myocardial infarction or death from cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9(10):601-10.
168. Ahanchian H, Moazzen N, Saeidinia A, Joghatayi SH, Khoshkhui M, Aelami MH, et al. Death Due to COVID-19 in an Infant with Combined Immunodeficiencies. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2021;21(9):1649-52.
169. Ahanchian H, Moazzen N, Sezavar M, Khalighi N, Khoshkhui M, Aelami MH, et al. COVID-19 in a child with primary antibody deficiency. Clin Case Rep. 2021;9(2):755-58.
170. Babaha FRezaei N. Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Predisposing or Protective Factor? Am J Med Sci. 2020;360(6):740-41.
171. Bahrami A, Vafapour M, Moazzami BRezaei N. Hyperinflammatory shock related to COVID-19 in a patient presenting with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: First case from Iran. J Paediatr Child Health. 2021;57(6):922-25.
172. Darbeheshti FRezaei N. Genetic predisposition models to COVID-19 infection. Med Hypotheses. 2020;142:109818.
173. Delavari S, Abolhassani H, Abolnezhadian F, Babaha F, Iranparast S, Ahanchian H, et al. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on Patients with Primary Immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol. 2021;41(2):345-55.
174. Khanmohammadi SRezaei N. Role of Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2021;93(5):2735-39.
175. Mohamed Khosroshahi LRezaei N. Dysregulation of the immune response in coronavirus disease 2019. Cell Biol Int. 2021;45(4):702-07.
176. Mansourabadi AH, Sadeghalvad M, Mohammadi-Motlagh HRRezaei N. The immune system as a target for therapy of SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review of the current immunotherapies for COVID-19. Life Sci. 2020;258:118185.
177. Mojtabavi H, Saghazadeh ARezaei N. Interleukin-6 and severe COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2020;31(2):44-49.
178. Moradian N, Gouravani M, Salehi MA, Heidari A, Shafeghat M, Hamblin MR, et al. Cytokine release syndrome: inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines as a solution for reducing COVID-19 mortality. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2020;31(3):81-93.
179. Nasab MG, Saghazadeh ARezaei N. SARS-CoV-2-A Tough Opponent for the Immune System. Arch Med Res. 2020;51(6):589-92.
180. Pashaei MRezaei N. Immunotherapy for SARS-CoV-2: potential opportunities. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2020;20(10):1111-16.
181. Pezeshki PSRezaei N. Immune checkpoint inhibition in COVID-19: risks and benefits. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2021;21(9):1173-79.
182. Rabiee N, Rabiee M, Bagherzadeh MRezaei N. COVID-19 and picotechnology: Potential opportunities. Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:109917.
183. Rokni M, Hamblin MRRezaei N. Cytokines and COVID-19: friends or foes? Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2020;16(10):2363-65.
184. Saghazadeh ARezaei N. Immune-epidemiological parameters of the novel coronavirus - a perspective. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2020;16(5):465-70.
185. Lotfi MRezaei N. SARS-CoV-2: A comprehensive review from pathogenicity of the virus to clinical consequences. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):1864-74.
186. Razavi A, Hamblin MRRezaei N. COVID-19 in patients with cancer: Risks and precautions. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;48:357-60.
187. Torabi-Rahvar MRezaei N. Storm at the Time of Corona: A Glimpse at the Current Understanding and Therapeutic Opportunities of the SARS-CoV-2 Cytokine Storm. Curr Pharm Des. 2021;27(13):1549-52.
188. Yazdanpanah F, Hamblin MRRezaei N. The immune system and COVID-19: Friend or foe? Life Sci. 2020;256:117900.
189. Zarandi PK, Zinatizadeh MR, Zinatizadeh M, Yousefi MHRezaei N. SARS-CoV-2: From the pathogenesis to potential anti-viral treatments. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;137:111352.
190. Yousefzadegan SRezaei N. Case Report: Death due to COVID-19 in Three Brothers. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;102(6):1203-04.
191. Seyedpour S, Khodaei B, Loghman AH, Seyedpour N, Kisomi MF, Balibegloo M, et al. Targeted therapy strategies against SARS-CoV-2 cell entry mechanisms: A systematic review of in vitro and in vivo studies. J Cell Physiol. 2021;236(4):2364-92.
192. Sahu KK, Siddiqui AD, Rezaei NCerny J. Challenges for management of immune thrombocytopenia during COVID-19 pandemic. J Med Virol. 2020;92(11):2277-82.
193. Sadeghmousavi SRezaei N. COVID-19 and Multiple Sclerosis: Predisposition and Precautions in Treatment. SN Compr Clin Med. 2020:1-6.
194. Sadeghmousavi SRezaei N. COVID-19 infection and stroke risk. Rev Neurosci. 2021;32(3):341-49.
195. Szretter KJ, Gangappa S, Lu X, Smith C, Shieh WJ, Zaki SR, et al. Role of host cytokine responses in the pathogenesis of avian H5N1 influenza viruses in mice. J Virol. 2007;81(6):2736-44.
196. Wellehan JCortes-Hinojosa G. Marine Mammal Viruses. Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy, Volume 9. 2019:597-602.
197. Basiri A, Heidari A, Nadi MF, Fallahy MTP, Nezamabadi SS, Sedighi M, et al. Microfluidic devices for detection of RNA viruses. Rev Med Virol. 2021;31(1):1-11.
198. Tantuoyir MMRezaei N. Serological tests for COVID-19: Potential opportunities. Cell Biol Int. 2021;45(4):740-48.
199. Hassan SS, Ghosh S, Attrish D, Choudhury PP, Aljabali AAA, Uhal BD, et al. Possible Transmission Flow of SARS-CoV-2 Based on ACE2 Features. Molecules. 2020;25(24).
200. Samieefar N, Yari Boroujeni R, Jamee M, Lotfi M, Golabchi MR, Afshar A, et al. Country Quarantine During COVID-19: Critical or Not? Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2021;15(4):e24-e25.
201. Mohamed K, Rezaei N, Rodriguez-Roman E, Rahmani F, Zhang H, Ivanovska M, et al. International Efforts to Save Healthcare Personnel during COVID-19. Acta Biomed. 2020;91(3):e2020044.
202. Mohamed K, Rodriguez-Roman E, Rahmani F, Zhang H, Ivanovska M, Makka SA, et al. Borderless collaboration is needed for COVID-19-A disease that knows no borders. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(10):1245-46.
203. Momtazmanesh S, Ochs HD, Uddin LQ, Perc M, Routes JM, Vieira DN, et al. All together to Fight COVID-19. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;102(6):1181-83.
204. Moradian N, Ochs HD, Sedikies C, Hamblin MR, Camargo CA, Jr., Martinez JA, et al. The urgent need for integrated science to fight COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. J Transl Med. 2020;18(1):205.
205. Moazzami B, Razavi-Khorasani N, Dooghaie Moghadam A, Farokhi ERezaei N. COVID-19 and telemedicine: Immediate action required for maintaining healthcare providers well-being. J Clin Virol. 2020;126:104345.
206. Mohamed KRezaei N. COVID-19 pandemic is not the time of trial and error. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;46:774-75.
207. Nejadghaderi SA, Saghazadeh ARezaei N. Health Care Policies and COVID-19 Prevalence: Is There Any Association? Int J Health Serv. 2022;52(1):9-22.
208. Rezaei N. COVID-19 affects healthy pediatricians more than pediatric patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(9):1106-07.
209. Rzymski P, Nowicki M, Mullin GE, Abraham A, Rodriguez-Roman E, Petzold MB, et al. Quantity does not equal quality: Scientific principles cannot be sacrificed. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;86:106711.
210. Salehi M, Amanat M, Mohammadi M, Salmanian M, Rezaei N, Saghazadeh A, et al. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder related symptoms in Coronavirus outbreaks: A systematic-review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2021;282:527-38.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 6, No 2 (2023) | |
| Section | Review Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/igj.v6i2.16409 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Cardiovascular COVID-19 Influenza MERS Respiratory Viral Infections SARS | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Aleebrahim-Dehkordi E, Mohebalizadeh M, Ganjirad Z, Torabi S, Hooshyar D, Saghazadeh A. Cardiovascular Complications in Respiratory Viral Infections with a Focus on COVID-19. Immunol Genet J. 2023;6(2):42-59.
