Tehran University of Medical Sciences Immunology and Genetics Journal 2645-4831 8 0 2025 02 24 50 94 Melika Jameie Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh A Basti Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran Mobina Amanollahi Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran Arash Heidari Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2025 02 24 2025 02 24 Brain metastasis (BM) is a common form of cancer that affects the central nervous system and has a significant impact on the life expectancy and quality of patients. Despite conventional treatments like surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, managing BM is challenging, and success rates are low. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have emerged as promising new therapies for advanced cancers and work by reversing the immune-evasive characteristics of tumor cells. ICIs have shown efficacy in various malignancies, prompting researchers to evaluate their efficacy in BM. Previously, the exclusion of BM patients from clinical trials was common due to the brain's immune-privileged nature. However, recent studies have demonstrated immune cell trafficking in and out of the brain, leading to several studies investigating the ICIs' application in BM patients. This study aimed to provide further evidence supporting the beneficial effects of ICIs in treating BM, as evidenced by improved response duration and survival time. Brain Metastasis; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs); Anti-PD-1/Anti-PD-L1; Anti-CTLA-4; Anti-LAG-3 https://igj.tums.ac.ir/index.php/igj/article/view/193 https://igj.tums.ac.ir/index.php/igj/article/download/193/170