The Origins of the First Reported Cases of the Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
Abstract
Background: Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEI) or Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders (PID), are heterogeneous diseases with defects on the components of the immune system. We have provided information about the consanguinity and origins of over 400 affected patients for the first time.
Methods: To study the genes, we used the classification tables provided by the IUIS (the International Union of Immunological Societies) in 2020, that documents the key clinical and laboratory features of more than 400 inborn errors of immunity.
Results: We have identified the national origins of 301 cases with a known gene, while national origins’ information of the 90 other genes (90 cases) was left incomplete, due to the unavailability of the first case reports or the fail to mention the patients’ origin in the article publication of the first report. Among the 301 genes, Asia has the largest geographical dispersion with 103 reported cases. We found that the 101 first case reports, were identified in more than one patient, regardless of the geography they live in. Our survey demonstrated that out of the 165 first reported cases with genetic defects resulted from a consanguineous marriage, 112 cases were identified in Asia.
Conclusion: This report provides valuable information on the geographical data and the prevalence of the various genetic disorders, worldwide. Also, by providing information related to parental consanguinity of the first reported cases with a genetic defect, valuable information about inborn errors of immunity, will be accessible for the researchers, which can be used effectively in future studies.
1. Seidel MG, Kindle G, Gathmann B, Quinti I, Buckland M, van Montfrans J, et al. The European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) registry working definitions for the clinical diagnosis of inborn errors of immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7(6):1763-70.
2. Al-Herz W, Chou J, Delmonte OM, Massaad MJ, Bainter W, Castagnoli R, et al. Comprehensive genetic results for primary immunodeficiency disorders in a highly consanguineous population. Front Immunol. 2019;9:3146.
3. Erjaee A, Bagherpour M, Van Rooyen C, Van den Berg S, Kinnear C, Green RJ, et al. Primary immunodeficiency in Africa–a review. S Afr Med J. 2019;109(8, Supplement 1):S4-S12.
4. Modell V, Knaus M, Modell F, Roifman C, Orange J, Notarangelo LD. Global overview of primary immunodeficiencies: a report from Jeffrey Modell Centers worldwide focused on diagnosis, treatment, and discovery. Immunol Res. 2014;60(1):132-44.
5. Abolhassani H, Azizi G, Sharifi L, Yazdani R, Mohsenzadegan M, Delavari S, et al. Global systematic review of primary immunodeficiency registries. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020;16(7):717-32.
6. Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Al-Herz W, Ailal F, Casanova JL, Chatila T, et al. The 2015 IUIS phenotypic classification for primary immunodeficiencies. J Clin Immunol. 2015;35(8):727-38.
7. Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Al-Herz W, Ailal F, Chatila T, et al. Human inborn errors of immunity: 2019 update of the IUIS phenotypical classification. J Clin Immunol. 2020:1-16.
8. Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Gaspar HB, Al-Herz W, et al. The 2017 IUIS phenotypic classification for primary immunodeficiencies. J Clin Immunol. 2018;38(1):129-43.
9. Tangye SG, Al-Herz W, Bousfiha A, Chatila T, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, et al. Human inborn errors of immunity: 2019 update on the classification from the international union of immunological societies expert committee. J Clin Immunol. 2020;40(1):24-64.
10. Hamamy H, Antonarakis SE, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Temtamy S, Romeo G, Ten Kate LP, et al. Consanguineous marriages, pearls and perils: Geneva international consanguinity workshop report. Genet Med. 2011;13(9):841-7.
11. Picard C, Al-Herz W, Bousfiha A, Casanova J-L, Chatila T, Conley ME, et al. Primary immunodeficiency diseases: an update on the classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee for Primary Immunodeficiency 2015. J Clin Immunol. 2015;35(8):696-726.
12. Tadmouri GO, Nair P, Obeid T, Al Ali MT, Al Khaja N, Hamamy HA. Consanguinity and reproductive health among Arabs. Reprod Health. 2009;6(1):17.
13. Sorensen R, Etzioni A, Bousfiha AA, Zeiger JB. Collaborating to improve quality of life in primary immunodeficiencies: World PI Week, 2013. Springer; 2013.
14. Barbouche MR, Galal N, Ben‐Mustapha I, Jeddane L, Mellouli F, Ailal F, et al. Primary immunodeficiencies in highly consanguineous North African populations. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011;1238(1):42-52.
15. Ishimura M, Takada H, Doi T, Imai K, Sasahara Y, Kanegane H, et al. Nationwide survey of patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases in Japan. J Clin Immunol. 2011;31(6):968-76.
16. Pilania RK, Chaudhary H, Jindal AK, Rawat A, Singh S. Current status and prospects of primary immunodeficiency diseases in Asia. Genes Dis. 2020;7(1):3-11.
17. Al-Mousa H, Al-Saud B. Primary immunodeficiency diseases in highly consanguineous populations from Middle East and North Africa: epidemiology, diagnosis, and care. Front Immunol. 2017;8:678.
18. Kilic SS, Ozel M, Hafizoglu D, Karaca NE, Aksu G, Kutukculer N. The prevalances and patient characteristics of primary immunodeficiency diseases in Turkey—two centers study. J Clin Immunol. 2013;33(1):74-83.
19. Liang F-C, Wei Y-C, Jiang T-H, Hsieh M-Y, Wen Y-C, Chiou Y-S, et al. Current classification and status of primary immunodeficiency diseases in Taiwan. Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2008;49(1):3-8.
20. Choi C, Kim B, Kim E-K, Song ES, Lee JJ. Erratum to Correction of figure legends Incidence of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 27,(2012) 914-921.
21. Modell B, Darr A. Genetic counselling and customary consanguineous marriage. Nat Rev Genet. 2002;3(3):225-9.
22. Bittles A. A global overview on consanguinity. EGF [en línea]. 2007.
23. Bittles AH, Black ML. Consanguinity, human evolution, and complex diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(suppl 1):1779-86.
24. Teebi AS, Teebi SA, Porter CJ, Cuticchia AJ. Arab genetic disease database (AGDDB): A population‐specific clinical and mutation database. Hum Mutat. 2002;19(6):615-21.
25. Anwar WA, Khyatti M, Hemminki K. Consanguinity and genetic diseases in North Africa and immigrants to Europe. Eur J Public Health. 2014;24(suppl_1):57-63.
26. Kirkpatrick P, Riminton S. Primary immunodeficiency diseases in Australia and New Zealand. J Clin Immunol. 2007;27(5):517-24.
27. Boyle J, Buckley R. Population prevalence of diagnosed primary immunodeficiency diseases in the United States. J Clin Immunol. 2007;27(5):497-502.
28. Joshi AY, Iyer VN, Hagan JB, Sauver JLS, Boyce TG, editors. Incidence and temporal trends of primary immunodeficiency: a population-based cohort study. Mayo Clin Proc; 2009: Elsevier.
29. Bousfiha AA, Jeddane L, Ailal F, Benhsaien I, Mahlaoui N, Casanova J-L, et al. Primary immunodeficiency diseases worldwide: more common than generally thought. J Clin Immunol. 2013;33(1):1-7.
30. Al-Herz W. Primary immunodeficiency disorders in Kuwait: first report from Kuwait national primary immunodeficiency registry (2004–2006). J Clin Immunol. 2008;28(2):186-93.
31. Al-Tamemi S, Naseem SUR, Al-Siyabi N, El-Nour I, Al-Rawas A, Dennison D. Primary immunodeficiency diseases in Oman: 10-year experience in a tertiary care hospital. J Clin Immunol. 2016;36(8):785-92.
32. Galal N, Meshaal S, Elhawary R, Abd ElAziz D, Alkady R, Lotfy S, et al. Patterns of primary immunodeficiency disorders among a highly consanguineous population: Cairo University Pediatric Hospital’s 5-year experience. J Clin Immunol. 2016;36(7):649-55.
33. Mellouli F, Mustapha IB, Khaled MB, Besbes H, Ouederni M, Mekki N, et al. Report of the Tunisian registry of primary immunodeficiencies: 25-years of experience (1988–2012). J Clin Immunol. 2015;35(8):745-53.
34. Aghamohammadi A, Mohammadinejad P, Abolhassani H, Mirminachi B, Movahedi M, Gharagozlou M, et al. Primary immunodeficiency disorders in Iran: update and new insights from the third report of the national registry. J Clin Immunol. 2014;34(4):478-90.
35. Golan H, Dalal I, Garty B-Z, Schlesinger M, Levy J, Handzel Z, et al. The incidence of primary immunodeficiency syndromes in Israel. IMAJ-RAMAT GAN-. 2002;4(11; SUPP):868-71.
36. Ehlayel MS, Bener A, Laban MA. Primary immunodeficiency diseases in children: 15 year experience in a tertiary care medical center in Qatar. J Clin Immunol. 2013;33(2):317-24.
37. Al-Saud B, Al-Mousa H, Al Gazlan S, Al-Ghonaium A, Arnaout R, Al-Seraihy A, et al. Primary immunodeficiency diseases in Saudi Arabia: a tertiary care hospital experience over a period of three years (2010–2013). J Clin Immunol. 2015;35(7):651-60.
38. Al‐Muhsen S, Alsum Z. Primary immunodeficiency diseases in the Middle East. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1250(1):56-61.
39. Abd Hamid IJ, Zainudeen ZT, Hashim IF. Current perspectives and challenges of primary immunodeficiency diseases in Malaysia. J Paediatr Child Health. 2019;25(2):1-6.
40. Jindal AK, Pilania RK, Rawat A, Singh S. Primary immunodeficiency disorders in India—a situational review. Front Immunol. 2017;8:714.
41. Lee P, Lau Y-L. Endemic infections in Southeast Asia provide new insights to the phenotypic spectrum of primary immunodeficiency disorders. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2013;31(3):217-26.
42. Lee P-w. Primary immunodeficiency disorders in Southeast Asia: needs, priorities and opportunities. HKU Theses Online (HKUTO). 2014.
43. Abd Hamid IJ, Azman NA, Gennery AR, Mangantig E, Hashim IF, Zainudeen ZT. Systematic Review of Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases in Malaysia: 1979–2020. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1923.
44. Leung D, Chua GT, Mondragon AV, Zhong Y, Nguyen-Ngoc-Quynh L, Imai K, et al. Current Perspectives and Unmet Needs of Primary Immunodeficiency Care in Asia Pacific. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1605.
45. Rezaei N, Pourpak Z, Aghamohammadi A, Farhoudi A, Movahedi M, Gharagozlou M, et al. Consanguinity in primary immunodeficiency disorders; the report from Iranian Primary Immunodeficiency Registry. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2006;56(2):145-51.
46. Al-Herz W, Aldhekri H, Barbouche M-R, Rezaei N. Consanguinity and primary immunodeficiencies. Hum Hered. 2014;77(1-4):138-43.
47. Al-Herz W, Naguib KK, Notarangelo LD, Geha RS, Alwadaani A. Parental consanguinity and the risk of primary immunodeficiency disorders: report from the Kuwait National Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders Registry. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2011;154(1):76-80.
48. Broides A, Nahum A, Mandola AB, Rozner L, Pinsk V, Ling G, et al. Incidence of typically severe primary immunodeficiency diseases in consanguineous and non-consanguineous populations. J Clin Immunol. 2017;37(3):295-300.
49. Fareed M, Afzal M. Genetics of consanguinity and inbreeding in health and disease. Ann Hum Biol. 2017;44(2):99-107.
50. Sediva A, Bataneant M, Belevtsev M, Blaziene A, Ciznar P, Förster-Waldl E, et al. Primary immunodeficiencies in Central and Eastern Europe—the power of networking Report on the activity of the Jeffrey Modell Foundation Centers Network in Central and Eastern Europe. Immunol Res. 2019;67(4-5):358-67.
51. Costa-Carvalho B, González-Serrano M, Espinosa-Padilla S, Segundo G. Latin American challenges with the diagnosis and treatment of primary immunodeficiency diseases. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2017;13(5):483-9.
52. Rubin Z, Pappalardo A, Schwartz A, Antoon JW. Prevalence and outcomes of primary immunodeficiency in hospitalized children in the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6(5):1705-10. e1.
53. Ludviksson BR, Sigurdardottir ST, Johannsson JH, Haraldsson A, Hardarson TO. Epidemiology of primary immunodeficiency in Iceland. J Clin Immunol. 2015;35(1):75-9.
54. Reda SM, Afifi HM, Amine MM. Primary immunodeficiency diseases in Egyptian children: a single-center study. J Clin Immunol. 2009;29(3):343-51.
55. Baykara-Krumme H. Consanguineous marriage in Turkish families in Turkey and in Western Europe. International Migration Review. 2016;50(3):568-98.
56. Romeo G, Bittles AH. Consanguinity in the contemporary world. Hum Hered. 2014;77(1/4):6-9.
57. Liascovich R, Rittler M, Castilla EE. Consanguinity in South America: demographic aspects. Hum Hered. 2001;51(1-2):27-34.
2. Al-Herz W, Chou J, Delmonte OM, Massaad MJ, Bainter W, Castagnoli R, et al. Comprehensive genetic results for primary immunodeficiency disorders in a highly consanguineous population. Front Immunol. 2019;9:3146.
3. Erjaee A, Bagherpour M, Van Rooyen C, Van den Berg S, Kinnear C, Green RJ, et al. Primary immunodeficiency in Africa–a review. S Afr Med J. 2019;109(8, Supplement 1):S4-S12.
4. Modell V, Knaus M, Modell F, Roifman C, Orange J, Notarangelo LD. Global overview of primary immunodeficiencies: a report from Jeffrey Modell Centers worldwide focused on diagnosis, treatment, and discovery. Immunol Res. 2014;60(1):132-44.
5. Abolhassani H, Azizi G, Sharifi L, Yazdani R, Mohsenzadegan M, Delavari S, et al. Global systematic review of primary immunodeficiency registries. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020;16(7):717-32.
6. Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Al-Herz W, Ailal F, Casanova JL, Chatila T, et al. The 2015 IUIS phenotypic classification for primary immunodeficiencies. J Clin Immunol. 2015;35(8):727-38.
7. Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Al-Herz W, Ailal F, Chatila T, et al. Human inborn errors of immunity: 2019 update of the IUIS phenotypical classification. J Clin Immunol. 2020:1-16.
8. Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, Ailal F, Gaspar HB, Al-Herz W, et al. The 2017 IUIS phenotypic classification for primary immunodeficiencies. J Clin Immunol. 2018;38(1):129-43.
9. Tangye SG, Al-Herz W, Bousfiha A, Chatila T, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, et al. Human inborn errors of immunity: 2019 update on the classification from the international union of immunological societies expert committee. J Clin Immunol. 2020;40(1):24-64.
10. Hamamy H, Antonarakis SE, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Temtamy S, Romeo G, Ten Kate LP, et al. Consanguineous marriages, pearls and perils: Geneva international consanguinity workshop report. Genet Med. 2011;13(9):841-7.
11. Picard C, Al-Herz W, Bousfiha A, Casanova J-L, Chatila T, Conley ME, et al. Primary immunodeficiency diseases: an update on the classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee for Primary Immunodeficiency 2015. J Clin Immunol. 2015;35(8):696-726.
12. Tadmouri GO, Nair P, Obeid T, Al Ali MT, Al Khaja N, Hamamy HA. Consanguinity and reproductive health among Arabs. Reprod Health. 2009;6(1):17.
13. Sorensen R, Etzioni A, Bousfiha AA, Zeiger JB. Collaborating to improve quality of life in primary immunodeficiencies: World PI Week, 2013. Springer; 2013.
14. Barbouche MR, Galal N, Ben‐Mustapha I, Jeddane L, Mellouli F, Ailal F, et al. Primary immunodeficiencies in highly consanguineous North African populations. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011;1238(1):42-52.
15. Ishimura M, Takada H, Doi T, Imai K, Sasahara Y, Kanegane H, et al. Nationwide survey of patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases in Japan. J Clin Immunol. 2011;31(6):968-76.
16. Pilania RK, Chaudhary H, Jindal AK, Rawat A, Singh S. Current status and prospects of primary immunodeficiency diseases in Asia. Genes Dis. 2020;7(1):3-11.
17. Al-Mousa H, Al-Saud B. Primary immunodeficiency diseases in highly consanguineous populations from Middle East and North Africa: epidemiology, diagnosis, and care. Front Immunol. 2017;8:678.
18. Kilic SS, Ozel M, Hafizoglu D, Karaca NE, Aksu G, Kutukculer N. The prevalances and patient characteristics of primary immunodeficiency diseases in Turkey—two centers study. J Clin Immunol. 2013;33(1):74-83.
19. Liang F-C, Wei Y-C, Jiang T-H, Hsieh M-Y, Wen Y-C, Chiou Y-S, et al. Current classification and status of primary immunodeficiency diseases in Taiwan. Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2008;49(1):3-8.
20. Choi C, Kim B, Kim E-K, Song ES, Lee JJ. Erratum to Correction of figure legends Incidence of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 27,(2012) 914-921.
21. Modell B, Darr A. Genetic counselling and customary consanguineous marriage. Nat Rev Genet. 2002;3(3):225-9.
22. Bittles A. A global overview on consanguinity. EGF [en línea]. 2007.
23. Bittles AH, Black ML. Consanguinity, human evolution, and complex diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(suppl 1):1779-86.
24. Teebi AS, Teebi SA, Porter CJ, Cuticchia AJ. Arab genetic disease database (AGDDB): A population‐specific clinical and mutation database. Hum Mutat. 2002;19(6):615-21.
25. Anwar WA, Khyatti M, Hemminki K. Consanguinity and genetic diseases in North Africa and immigrants to Europe. Eur J Public Health. 2014;24(suppl_1):57-63.
26. Kirkpatrick P, Riminton S. Primary immunodeficiency diseases in Australia and New Zealand. J Clin Immunol. 2007;27(5):517-24.
27. Boyle J, Buckley R. Population prevalence of diagnosed primary immunodeficiency diseases in the United States. J Clin Immunol. 2007;27(5):497-502.
28. Joshi AY, Iyer VN, Hagan JB, Sauver JLS, Boyce TG, editors. Incidence and temporal trends of primary immunodeficiency: a population-based cohort study. Mayo Clin Proc; 2009: Elsevier.
29. Bousfiha AA, Jeddane L, Ailal F, Benhsaien I, Mahlaoui N, Casanova J-L, et al. Primary immunodeficiency diseases worldwide: more common than generally thought. J Clin Immunol. 2013;33(1):1-7.
30. Al-Herz W. Primary immunodeficiency disorders in Kuwait: first report from Kuwait national primary immunodeficiency registry (2004–2006). J Clin Immunol. 2008;28(2):186-93.
31. Al-Tamemi S, Naseem SUR, Al-Siyabi N, El-Nour I, Al-Rawas A, Dennison D. Primary immunodeficiency diseases in Oman: 10-year experience in a tertiary care hospital. J Clin Immunol. 2016;36(8):785-92.
32. Galal N, Meshaal S, Elhawary R, Abd ElAziz D, Alkady R, Lotfy S, et al. Patterns of primary immunodeficiency disorders among a highly consanguineous population: Cairo University Pediatric Hospital’s 5-year experience. J Clin Immunol. 2016;36(7):649-55.
33. Mellouli F, Mustapha IB, Khaled MB, Besbes H, Ouederni M, Mekki N, et al. Report of the Tunisian registry of primary immunodeficiencies: 25-years of experience (1988–2012). J Clin Immunol. 2015;35(8):745-53.
34. Aghamohammadi A, Mohammadinejad P, Abolhassani H, Mirminachi B, Movahedi M, Gharagozlou M, et al. Primary immunodeficiency disorders in Iran: update and new insights from the third report of the national registry. J Clin Immunol. 2014;34(4):478-90.
35. Golan H, Dalal I, Garty B-Z, Schlesinger M, Levy J, Handzel Z, et al. The incidence of primary immunodeficiency syndromes in Israel. IMAJ-RAMAT GAN-. 2002;4(11; SUPP):868-71.
36. Ehlayel MS, Bener A, Laban MA. Primary immunodeficiency diseases in children: 15 year experience in a tertiary care medical center in Qatar. J Clin Immunol. 2013;33(2):317-24.
37. Al-Saud B, Al-Mousa H, Al Gazlan S, Al-Ghonaium A, Arnaout R, Al-Seraihy A, et al. Primary immunodeficiency diseases in Saudi Arabia: a tertiary care hospital experience over a period of three years (2010–2013). J Clin Immunol. 2015;35(7):651-60.
38. Al‐Muhsen S, Alsum Z. Primary immunodeficiency diseases in the Middle East. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1250(1):56-61.
39. Abd Hamid IJ, Zainudeen ZT, Hashim IF. Current perspectives and challenges of primary immunodeficiency diseases in Malaysia. J Paediatr Child Health. 2019;25(2):1-6.
40. Jindal AK, Pilania RK, Rawat A, Singh S. Primary immunodeficiency disorders in India—a situational review. Front Immunol. 2017;8:714.
41. Lee P, Lau Y-L. Endemic infections in Southeast Asia provide new insights to the phenotypic spectrum of primary immunodeficiency disorders. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2013;31(3):217-26.
42. Lee P-w. Primary immunodeficiency disorders in Southeast Asia: needs, priorities and opportunities. HKU Theses Online (HKUTO). 2014.
43. Abd Hamid IJ, Azman NA, Gennery AR, Mangantig E, Hashim IF, Zainudeen ZT. Systematic Review of Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases in Malaysia: 1979–2020. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1923.
44. Leung D, Chua GT, Mondragon AV, Zhong Y, Nguyen-Ngoc-Quynh L, Imai K, et al. Current Perspectives and Unmet Needs of Primary Immunodeficiency Care in Asia Pacific. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1605.
45. Rezaei N, Pourpak Z, Aghamohammadi A, Farhoudi A, Movahedi M, Gharagozlou M, et al. Consanguinity in primary immunodeficiency disorders; the report from Iranian Primary Immunodeficiency Registry. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2006;56(2):145-51.
46. Al-Herz W, Aldhekri H, Barbouche M-R, Rezaei N. Consanguinity and primary immunodeficiencies. Hum Hered. 2014;77(1-4):138-43.
47. Al-Herz W, Naguib KK, Notarangelo LD, Geha RS, Alwadaani A. Parental consanguinity and the risk of primary immunodeficiency disorders: report from the Kuwait National Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders Registry. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2011;154(1):76-80.
48. Broides A, Nahum A, Mandola AB, Rozner L, Pinsk V, Ling G, et al. Incidence of typically severe primary immunodeficiency diseases in consanguineous and non-consanguineous populations. J Clin Immunol. 2017;37(3):295-300.
49. Fareed M, Afzal M. Genetics of consanguinity and inbreeding in health and disease. Ann Hum Biol. 2017;44(2):99-107.
50. Sediva A, Bataneant M, Belevtsev M, Blaziene A, Ciznar P, Förster-Waldl E, et al. Primary immunodeficiencies in Central and Eastern Europe—the power of networking Report on the activity of the Jeffrey Modell Foundation Centers Network in Central and Eastern Europe. Immunol Res. 2019;67(4-5):358-67.
51. Costa-Carvalho B, González-Serrano M, Espinosa-Padilla S, Segundo G. Latin American challenges with the diagnosis and treatment of primary immunodeficiency diseases. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2017;13(5):483-9.
52. Rubin Z, Pappalardo A, Schwartz A, Antoon JW. Prevalence and outcomes of primary immunodeficiency in hospitalized children in the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6(5):1705-10. e1.
53. Ludviksson BR, Sigurdardottir ST, Johannsson JH, Haraldsson A, Hardarson TO. Epidemiology of primary immunodeficiency in Iceland. J Clin Immunol. 2015;35(1):75-9.
54. Reda SM, Afifi HM, Amine MM. Primary immunodeficiency diseases in Egyptian children: a single-center study. J Clin Immunol. 2009;29(3):343-51.
55. Baykara-Krumme H. Consanguineous marriage in Turkish families in Turkey and in Western Europe. International Migration Review. 2016;50(3):568-98.
56. Romeo G, Bittles AH. Consanguinity in the contemporary world. Hum Hered. 2014;77(1/4):6-9.
57. Liascovich R, Rittler M, Castilla EE. Consanguinity in South America: demographic aspects. Hum Hered. 2001;51(1-2):27-34.
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| Issue | Vol 3, No 4 (2020) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/igj.v3i4.7457 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Primary Immune Deficiency Inborn Errors of Immunity Consanguinity Origin | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Rasouli SE, Amirifar P. The Origins of the First Reported Cases of the Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases. Immunol Genet J. 2020;3(4):187-213.
