COVID-19-Related Hypercoagulability as a Long-term Complication in SARS-CoV-2: Lessons from SARS and MERS
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leads to a various clinical and laboratory findings in affected patients. Similar to the previous outbreak, patients with SARS-CoV-2 showed elevated levels of D-dimer, thrombocytopenia, and prolonged prothrombin time and the activated partial thromboplastin time. Meanwhile two lethal coagulation disorders of disseminated intravascular coagulation and pulmonary embolism have already been reported in patients with SARS-CoV-2. Although further cohort studies are needed to document long-term complications, considering the similar pathogenicity of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, the same chronic cardiovascular impairments could be expected.
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23. Song JC, Wang G, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Li WQ, Zhou Z, et al. Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of coagulation dysfunction in COVID-19. Mil Med Res. 2020;7(1):19.
24. Wu Q, Zhou L, Sun X, Yan Z, Hu C, Wu J, et al. Altered Lipid Metabolism in Recovered SARS Patients Twelve Years after Infection. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):9110.
25. Zheng YY, Ma YT, Zhang JY, Xie X. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17(5):259-60.
26. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62.
27. Akhmerov A, Marban E. COVID-19 and the Heart. Circ Res. 2020;126(10):1443-55.
2. Hanaei S, Rezaei N. COVID-19: Developing from an Outbreak to A Pandemic. Arch Med Res. 2020;51(6):582-84.
3. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
4. Lotfi M, Hamblin MR, Rezaei N. COVID-19: Transmission, prevention, and potential therapeutic opportunities. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;508:254-66.
5. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708-20.
6. Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844-47.
7. Xiong M, Liang X, Wei YD. Changes in blood coagulation in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis. Br J Haematol. 2020;189(6):1050-52.
8. Ng KH, Wu AK, Cheng VC, Tang BS, Chan CY, Yung CY, et al. Pulmonary artery thrombosis in a patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Postgrad Med J. 2005;81(956):e3.
9. Wong RS, Wu A, To KF, Lee N, Lam CW, Wong CK, et al. Haematological manifestations in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: retrospective analysis. BMJ. 2003;326(7403):1358-62.
10. Assiri A, Al-Tawfiq JA, Al-Rabeeah AA, Al-Rabiah FA, Al-Hajjar S, Al-Barrak A, et al. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(9):752-61.
11. Singh SK. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Virus Pathogenesis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;37(4):572-7.
12. Poissy J, Goutay J, Caplan M, Parmentier E, Duburcq T, Lassalle F, et al. Pulmonary Embolism in Patients With COVID-19: Awareness of an Increased Prevalence. Circulation. 2020;142(2):184-86.
13. Grillet F, Behr J, Calame P, Aubry S, Delabrousse E. Acute Pulmonary Embolism Associated with COVID-19 Pneumonia Detected with Pulmonary CT Angiography. Radiology. 2020;296(3):E186-E88.
14. Levi M. Pathogenesis and diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Int J Lab Hematol. 2018;40 Suppl 1:15-20.
15. Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. Immune-epidemiological parameters of the novel coronavirus - a perspective. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2020;16(5):465-70.
16. Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. Towards treatment planning of COVID-19: Rationale and hypothesis for the use of multiple immunosuppressive agents: Anti-antibodies, immunoglobulins, and corticosteroids. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;84(106560):106560.
17. Ding YQ, Bian XW. [Analysis of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) based on SARS autopsy]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi. 2020;49(4):291-93.
18. Chousterman BG, Swirski FK, Weber GF. Cytokine storm and sepsis disease pathogenesis. Semin Immunopathol. 2017;39(5):517-28.
19. Subramaniam S, Scharrer I. Procoagulant activity during viral infections. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2018;23(6):1060-81.
20. Guo L, Rondina MT. The Era of Thromboinflammation: Platelets Are Dynamic Sensors and Effector Cells During Infectious Diseases. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2204.
21. Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, Gong J, Li D, Sun Z. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(5):1094-99.
22. Levi M, Scully M. How I treat disseminated intravascular coagulation. Blood. 2018;131(8):845-54.
23. Song JC, Wang G, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Li WQ, Zhou Z, et al. Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of coagulation dysfunction in COVID-19. Mil Med Res. 2020;7(1):19.
24. Wu Q, Zhou L, Sun X, Yan Z, Hu C, Wu J, et al. Altered Lipid Metabolism in Recovered SARS Patients Twelve Years after Infection. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):9110.
25. Zheng YY, Ma YT, Zhang JY, Xie X. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17(5):259-60.
26. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62.
27. Akhmerov A, Marban E. COVID-19 and the Heart. Circ Res. 2020;126(10):1443-55.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 5, No 3 (2022) | |
| Section | Review Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/igj.v5i3.16036 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Pulmonary Embolism COVID-19 | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Mohammadi Jorjafki E, Karimizadeh Z, Shahi A, Sohrabi H. COVID-19-Related Hypercoagulability as a Long-term Complication in SARS-CoV-2: Lessons from SARS and MERS. Immunol Genet J. 2022;5(3):99-102.
