Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in Diabetic Patients Referred to Mashhad Parsian Diabetes Center, Iran
Abstract
Background: Diabetes is a common disease that leads to chronic complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, vascular diseases, and retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is an eye condition that can cause vision loss and blindness in diabetic patients. The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients.
Method: In this descriptive-cross-sectional study, 550 patients with diabetes referring to the diabetes centers in Mashhad Parsian Diabetes Center, Iran were enrolled. All patients were assessed for the presence of diabetic retinopathy by direct or indirect ophthalmoscopy. A standardized protocol was used to grade diabetic retinopathy. Two groups of diabetic patients with and without retinopathy were compared in terms of body mass index (BMI), gender, disease duration and type of diabetes, history of blood pressure, history of blood lipids, hemoglobin AIC and albumin.
Results: The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among 550 diabetic patients was 23.4% (129 patients). Age, duration of diabetic disease, history of high blood pressure, history of high blood lipids, type 2 diabetes and urine albumin were significantly different between the diabetic patients with and without retinopathy, while no significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of gender, BMI, smoking, and hemoglobin A1C level.
Conclusion: Due to the high prevalence of DR in diabetic patients, it is recommended that retinal examination should always be considered in the evaluation of diabetic patients.
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2. Alemu Mersha G, Alimaw YA, Woredekal AT. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among diabetic patients in Northwest Ethiopia-A cross sectional hospital based study. PLoS One. 2022;17(1):e0262664.
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9. Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert C, Altomare F, Kherani A, Lovshin J. Retinopathy. Can J Diabetes. 2018;42 Suppl 1:S210-S16.
10. Wong TY, Sun J, Kawasaki R, Ruamviboonsuk P, Gupta N, Lansingh VC, et al. Guidelines on Diabetic Eye Care: The International Council of Ophthalmology Recommendations for Screening, Follow-up, Referral, and Treatment Based on Resource Settings. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(10):1608-22.
11. el-Shazly M, Zeid M, Osman A. Risk factors for eye complications in patients with diabetes mellitus: development and progression. East Mediterr Health J. 2000;6(2-3):313-25.
12. Hietala K, Forsblom C, Summanen P, Groop PH, FinnDiane Study G. Heritability of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes. 2008;57(8):2176-80.
13. Lee R, Wong TY, Sabanayagam C. Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema and related vision loss. Eye Vis (Lond). 2015;2:17.
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21. Wang FH, Liang YB, Zhang F, Wang JJ, Wei WB, Tao QS, et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in rural China: the Handan Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(3):461-7.
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23. Ondrejkova M, Jackuliak P, Martinka E, Mokan M, Foley J, Fabkova J, et al. Prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of patients with diabetic retinopathy in Slovakia: 12-month results from the DIARET SK study. PLoS One. 2019;14(12):e0223788.
24. Chisha Y, Terefe W, Assefa H, Lakew S. Prevalence and factors associated with diabetic retinopathy among diabetic patients at Arbaminch General Hospital, Ethiopia: Cross sectional study. PLoS One 2017;12(3):e0171987.
25. Lopez M, Cos FX, Alvarez-Guisasola F, Fuster E. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and its relationship with glomerular filtration rate and other risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Spain. DM2 HOPE study. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2017;9:61-65.
26. el Haddad OA, Saad MK. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy among Omani diabetics. Br J Ophthalmol. 1998;82(8):901-6.
27. Al-Maskari F, El-Sadig M. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Ophthalmol. 2007;7:11.
28. Wong TY, Cheung N, Tay WT, Wang JJ, Aung T, Saw SM, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: the Singapore Malay Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(11):1869-75.
29. Mathenge W, Bastawrous A, Peto T, Leung I, Yorston D, Foster A, et al. Prevalence and correlates of diabetic retinopathy in a population-based survey of older people in Nakuru, Kenya. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2014;21(3):169-77.
30. Cleland CR, Burton MJ, Hall C, Hall A, Courtright P, Makupa WU, et al. Diabetic retinopathy in Tanzania: prevalence and risk factors at entry into a regional screening programme. Trop Med Int Health. 2016;21(3):417-26.
31. Rasoulinejad SA, Hajian-Tilaki K, Mehdipour E. Associated factors of diabetic retinopathy in patients that referred to teaching hospitals in Babol. Caspian J Intern Med. 2015;6(4):224-8.
32. Papazafiropoulou A, Sotiropoulos A, Bousboulas S, Kokolaki A, Kardara M, Pappas S. Prevalence of retinopathy among type 2 diabetic subjects with and without microalbuminuria. Hippokratia. 2011;15(4):381.
2. Alemu Mersha G, Alimaw YA, Woredekal AT. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among diabetic patients in Northwest Ethiopia-A cross sectional hospital based study. PLoS One. 2022;17(1):e0262664.
3. Unnikrishnan R, Anjana RM, Mohan V. Diabetes mellitus and its complications in India. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016;12(6):357-70.
4. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(5):1047-53.
5. Tilahun M, Gobena T, Dereje D, Welde M, Yideg G. Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Its Associated Factors among Diabetic Patients at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019: Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020;13:2179-87.
6. Ghanchi F, Diabetic Retinopathy Guidelines Working G. The Royal College of Ophthalmologists' clinical guidelines for diabetic retinopathy: a summary. Eye (Lond). 2013;27(2):285-7.
7. Blindness GBD, Vision Impairment C, Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease S. Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9(2):e144-e60.
8. Eslami F, Ghasemi Basir HR. The Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and its relationship with microalbuminuria in type2 diabetic patients at Diabetes Center of Hamadan City. Avicenna J Clin Med. 2016;22(4):286-92.
9. Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert C, Altomare F, Kherani A, Lovshin J. Retinopathy. Can J Diabetes. 2018;42 Suppl 1:S210-S16.
10. Wong TY, Sun J, Kawasaki R, Ruamviboonsuk P, Gupta N, Lansingh VC, et al. Guidelines on Diabetic Eye Care: The International Council of Ophthalmology Recommendations for Screening, Follow-up, Referral, and Treatment Based on Resource Settings. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(10):1608-22.
11. el-Shazly M, Zeid M, Osman A. Risk factors for eye complications in patients with diabetes mellitus: development and progression. East Mediterr Health J. 2000;6(2-3):313-25.
12. Hietala K, Forsblom C, Summanen P, Groop PH, FinnDiane Study G. Heritability of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes. 2008;57(8):2176-80.
13. Lee R, Wong TY, Sabanayagam C. Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema and related vision loss. Eye Vis (Lond). 2015;2:17.
14. Rafati N, Dehghan M, Javadi M, Souri H, Zaeri F, Gooya M, et al. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Tehran Province. Bina J Ophthalmol. 2008;13(2):166-75.
15. Ting DS, Cheung GC, Wong TY. Diabetic retinopathy: global prevalence, major risk factors, screening practices and public health challenges: a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2016;44(4):260-77.
16. L N. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and barriers to uptake of diabetic retinopathy screening at Embu Provincial General Hospital, Central Kenya. JOECSA. 2020;16(1).
17. Executive summary: Standards of medical care in diabetes--2010. Diabetes Care. 2010;33 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S4-10.
18. Teo ZL, Tham YC, Yu M, Chee ML, Rim TH, Cheung N, et al. Global Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Projection of Burden through 2045: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2021;128(11):1580-91.
19. Heydari B, Yaghoubi G, Yaghoubi MA, Miri MR. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: an Iranian eye study. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2012;22(3):393-7.
20. Javadi MA, Katibeh M, Rafati N, Dehghan MH, Zayeri F, Yaseri M, et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Tehran province: a population-based study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2009;9:12.
21. Wang FH, Liang YB, Zhang F, Wang JJ, Wei WB, Tao QS, et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in rural China: the Handan Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(3):461-7.
22. Wong TY, Loon SC, Saw SM. The epidemiology of age related eye diseases in Asia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90(4):506-11.
23. Ondrejkova M, Jackuliak P, Martinka E, Mokan M, Foley J, Fabkova J, et al. Prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of patients with diabetic retinopathy in Slovakia: 12-month results from the DIARET SK study. PLoS One. 2019;14(12):e0223788.
24. Chisha Y, Terefe W, Assefa H, Lakew S. Prevalence and factors associated with diabetic retinopathy among diabetic patients at Arbaminch General Hospital, Ethiopia: Cross sectional study. PLoS One 2017;12(3):e0171987.
25. Lopez M, Cos FX, Alvarez-Guisasola F, Fuster E. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and its relationship with glomerular filtration rate and other risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Spain. DM2 HOPE study. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2017;9:61-65.
26. el Haddad OA, Saad MK. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy among Omani diabetics. Br J Ophthalmol. 1998;82(8):901-6.
27. Al-Maskari F, El-Sadig M. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Ophthalmol. 2007;7:11.
28. Wong TY, Cheung N, Tay WT, Wang JJ, Aung T, Saw SM, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: the Singapore Malay Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(11):1869-75.
29. Mathenge W, Bastawrous A, Peto T, Leung I, Yorston D, Foster A, et al. Prevalence and correlates of diabetic retinopathy in a population-based survey of older people in Nakuru, Kenya. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2014;21(3):169-77.
30. Cleland CR, Burton MJ, Hall C, Hall A, Courtright P, Makupa WU, et al. Diabetic retinopathy in Tanzania: prevalence and risk factors at entry into a regional screening programme. Trop Med Int Health. 2016;21(3):417-26.
31. Rasoulinejad SA, Hajian-Tilaki K, Mehdipour E. Associated factors of diabetic retinopathy in patients that referred to teaching hospitals in Babol. Caspian J Intern Med. 2015;6(4):224-8.
32. Papazafiropoulou A, Sotiropoulos A, Bousboulas S, Kokolaki A, Kardara M, Pappas S. Prevalence of retinopathy among type 2 diabetic subjects with and without microalbuminuria. Hippokratia. 2011;15(4):381.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 5, No 2 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/igj.v5i2.15100 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Diabetes Diabetic Retinopathy Prevalence Hemoglobin A1C Level | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Roshanzamir N, Erfanian Salim M. Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in Diabetic Patients Referred to Mashhad Parsian Diabetes Center, Iran. Immunol Genet J. 2022;5(2):90-96.
